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Timelines - Decade
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American Cycles 1901-1910
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These Timelines are a detailed look at the time and the influence of Cycles. Significant events of the decade are analyzed through Twelve categories that serve as a kaleidoscopic lens through time, (see the clickable links above), as well as the position of Cycles at the time, (see the clickable folder links in the upper left corner). You can read and link up and down vertically through this Timeline, or, you can go any Category and link horizontally to the same Category in other Timelines (links are provided at the head of each Category). This cross linking is designed to provide a fast and easy way to make reading fun and interesting.

See the go to Overview here link near the top for a brief look at Cycles for this decade.

See the Matrix links above left for navigating through all Overviews and Timelines by Time, Subject, or Cycle as described in Introduction to Part II).


Note to readers: Work from the Kala-Rhythm archives is being offered here in the Timelines for the first time. We are allowing a view into the Timelines now by posting both the finished and the unfinished pages of the Timelines as editing from our references continues.  Unfinished pages (like this one) contain raw data from history sources to which we give credit in our "biblio/webography". Check back for updates to this and other pages.

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1902 The Aguinaldo insurrection. When the Spanish-American War began, Emilio Aguinaldo, a municipal official who had recently led an unsuccessful revolt against Spanish control of his homeland, formed a native army to aid the American forces. He hoped that after the anticipated American victory was achieved he would be installed as president of a new Philippine republic. When he realized that the US would keep the islands, he organized an insurrection, which was finally suppressed by American troops in 1902.

Establishment of Civil Government (Philippines). While the American army was still fighting Aguinaldo's insurrectionists, Pres William McKinley appointed two commissions to report political conditions in the islands. The first Philippine Commission, which was investigative in nature, affirmed that the ultimate goal for the islands should be independence. The second Philippine Commission, led by William Howard Taft, who was then a federal judge, set up civil government on the islands. In 1901 Taft was appointed head of the executive branch, eventually receiving the title of governor-general. In 1902 C passed the Organic Act, which outline the conditions under which the Filipinos could participated in their own government. The act provided for a two-house legislature, the upper house consisting of the members of the second Philippine Commission and the lower house consisting of representatives elected by Filipino voters.

1903 Wisconsin enacted the first primary law.

President Roosevelt debated in the Russo-Japanese War. Since secretary Hay was in his last illness, the President negotiated directly with premiers and crowned heads, brought the two belligerents together, and broke the deadlock from which the Treaty of Portsmouth (Sept. 5, 1905) probably saved Japan from a beating, but her government and press persuaded the Japanese people that Roosevelt's "big stick" gad done them out of vast territorial gains. And a few years later, in violation of the treaty, Japan annexed and enabled her to become the dominant naval power in the Pacific. Between 1941 and 1945 the United States paid heavily for the long term results of Roosevelt's meddling, for which ironically enough, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.

Only thirteen months after the signing of the Treaty Portsmouth, Japan and the United States were brought to the brink of war by the  segregation of the small number of Japanese children in San Francisco in a single school. These "infernal fools in California," as Roosevelt called them, aroused violent anti-American feelings in Japan; but the President, by inviting the mayor and the school board to Washington and entertaining them in the White House, persuaded them to rescind their order.

1906 US troops occupy Cuba (-1909) after reconciliation following Liberal revolt fails.

1901 US citizenship is granted to the Indians of the Five Civilized Tribes (Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles).

1901 Pres Roosevelt urges "Speak softly and carry a big stick" to emphasize the need for strong official policy. The saying becomes very popular, particularly among cartoonists.

RAW^    [move to 1901?]

CANAL

6/28/02 C passes the Spooner or Isthmusian Canal Act which authorizes the President to proceed with negotiations to buy rights from France for canal construction. Impatient to forge ahead at all costs, Roosevelt obtains these rights for $40,000,000 although the French lease is about to rum out. The Colombians, through whose land it is proposed to cut the canal, would prefer to cut the French out of all negotiations, and in the ensuing ill-will the impetuous President will find it impossible to negotiate a treaty of Panama in 1903 will bring a ten-mile-wide stretch of land to the United States through which the Panama Canal well be constructed.

2/22/03 The hay-Herran Treaty relating to rights to the Panama Canal is signed by the Colombian charge at Washington. Provisions include a 100-year lease on a 10-mile wide strip in the Panamanian province of Colombia. The price is $10,000,000 and an annual rental of $250,000. The sticking point, however, is the issue of sovereignty of the proposed Canal Zone which in this treaty is to cede to the United States. On august 12 the Colombian government will reject the proposal. In one of his more myopic moments, Roosevelt will react with anger.

11/3/03 The expected uprising of the Panamanians takes place at six in the evening with no blood-shed. The new government is organized during the night. The local fire department becomes the army. The lobbyist for the French Canal Company, Philippe Bunau-Varilla, is made Panamanian minister to Washington; Secretary Hay, with unseemly haste, will proceed to complete canal negotiations with him. Meanwhile, troops from the USS "Nashville" prevent Colombians from reaching Panama City.        [i low]

11/4/03 Panamanian independence is declared.

US acquires perpetual control of the Panama canal 1903. Construction on canal is resumed in 1904.

He said that chronic wrong-doing by powers in the western hemisphere might compel the US under the Monroe Doctrine to exercise an international police power as the only means of forestalling European intervention. Under this doctrine the US intervened in Santo Domingo and unofficially collected the customs. On July 31, 1907, the American administration left Santo Domingo.

1/26/07 Finally responsive to public anger at the blatant way some of the captains of industry have been corrupting public officials. C passes an act forbidding corporations from contributing to election campaigns for national office.

1908 Taft, Republican, wins presidential election.

Immigration of Japanese laborers to US curtailed by presidential order 1907; acknowledged by Japan in 1908 "Gentlemen's Agreement."

1907 Oklahoma becomes 46th state.

Distinctive procedure in administering each possession. In a set of ruling known as the Insular Cases (1901-03) the Supreme Court settled the status of the island possessions by laying down the principle that not all provisions of the Constitution need apply to those who lived under the American flag but outside the continental boundaries of the US. Thus the Constitution did not follow the flag. In effect, C was virtually free to administer each particular island possession as it saw fit.

In 1902 American troops sailed for home. The following year the Platt Amendment was incorporated into a treaty between the US and Cuba. In 1934 the Platt Amendment was repealed as part of FDR's policy to improve relations between the US and Latin Am.

While the Platt Amendment was in effect, diplomatic pressure was usually sufficient to bring compliance with Am wishes. However, military forces were dispatched to the island on three occasions: in 1906 to quell disorderly protests by a political party that had suffered defeat in a recent election; in 1912 to restore order when blacks engaged in an insurrection against control in one of the provinces; and in 1917 to put down a political revolt against the government.

1. Political  1902-10 Physical Cycle top    

Physical 3rd Qtr. Review (1901 - 1908)

CONSERVATION

Roosevelt's outstanding achievement in the conservation movement was his arousal of widespread public interest in halting the squandering of natural resources.

6/17/02 Inspired by Roosevelt's concern for the land, the Federal Government passes the Newlands Reclamation Act which authorizes the building of irrigation dams across the West. During his term of office, Roosevelt also forms a 150,000,000-acre national forest preserve, and withdraws from sale 85,000,000 acres of prime Alaskan land until their mineral contents can be assessed. Roosevelt's concern for conservation will endear him to the country. Although a hunter himself, on one of his shooting expeditions the flamboyant president is reported to have refused to shoot a baby bear. The result of the headline-grabbing incident is on of the most popular toys ever created: the Teddy Bear.

In addition, to prevent the forests from being virtually depleted, he set said 148 million acres as timber reserves.

3/14/07 Members of The Inland Waterways Commission are appointed by Roosevelt. The Commission is to study and report on the rivers and lakes of the United States, their relation to forests, traffic congestion and other such matters. During Roosevelt's administration five national parks will be established including Crater Lake in Oregon and Mesa Verde in Colorado. In addition, under the National Monuments Act of 1906 he sets aside 16 national monuments and creates 51 wildlife sanctuaries. Devil's Tower in Wyoming is the monument to come under the Act.

RAW^

National Conservation Commission. In 1908 Roosevelt held a governors' conference at the White House of discuss the fundamental issues relating to conservation. the result of the conference was Roosevelt's appointment of the National Conservation Commission, with Gifford Pinchot as chairman, and the creation of thirty-six state boards to cooperate with national body.

 

During his presidency, Roosevelt conserved 148,000,000 acres of forest land to government reserve and 80,000,000 acres of mineral lands as well as 1,500,000 acres of water power sites to abate the dwindling of natural resources. The National Reclamation Act of 1902 allowed the beginning of federal programs of irrigation and hydroelectric development to the West. Five national parks would be created in his administration as well as two notional game reserves and fifty one wild bird refuges.

1. Political  1902-10 Emotional Cycle top    

1. Political  1902-10 Intellectual Cycle top    

Intellectual 4th Qtr. Alternatives (1896 - 1907)

PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS

Roosevelt's landslide victory in 1904 was a mandated by the people for his Progressivism.

DAT^

Robert Lafollette, by defeating the Republican machine in Wisconsin in 1900, started a reaction of revolt in the Middle West, helped to make his own state a progressive commonwealth (from which it has spectacularly lapsed), and went to the Unites States Senate where he became a power until his death in 1925. Parallel to him were Joseph W. Folk who showered up corruption in Missouri's state government and became governor in 1904; William S. U'ren **? who persuaded Oregon to adopt the initiative, referendum, direct primary, and popular (reclaim *?) of elected officials, political reforms which the Progressives expected would return state governments to the people and end corruption - and how wrong they were. Hiram Johnson in 1910 (*what month?) smashed the Southern Pacific Railroad domination in California and became governor of the Golden State. This reform movement, starting in the West, gradually extended eastward. In 1905, a New York attorney named Charles Evans Hughes exposed the rottenness of the great insurance companies and sent some of their moguls, such as James Hazen Hude, into exile. In the Progressive period, many state governments recovered their vigor, experimenting with woman's suffrage, the Australian ballot, the "I. and R." the primary, factory minimum wage legislation, and other expedients.

At all three levels of government-federal, state, and local-efforts by a number of committed and vigorous political leaders propelled the progressive movement forward.

The federal level. All three presidents of the period of progressivism-Theodore Roosevelt, Taft to a lesser degree, and Wilson-supported many of the goals of the progressive movement.

1. Political  1902-10 Polyrhythms top    

XXX 1. POLITICAL POLYRHYTHMS INTRODUCTION

Physo-Emotional Dbl. 3rd Qtr. Review (1901 - 1908)

June 17, 1902 Oregon adopted the thoroughgoing use of the "initiative and referendum."

Theodore Roosevelt, and after him, Presidents Taft and Wilson, were liberal conservatives. They accepted the new industrial order which had grown up since the Civil War, but wished to probe its more scabrous excrescences, both on the political and financial levels, and bring it under government regulation. The word "constructive" was constantly on their lips; socialists and reckless agitators shared their hostility with "malefactors of great wealth" and corrupt politicians. The violent dissensions between these three men as to methods concealed the essential unity of their administrations. Theodore Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson were successive leaders of what came to be called the Progressive Movement, which in essence was the adaptation of federal, state, and municipal governments to the changes already wrought and being wrought in American society. Roosevelt called his policies the "Square Deal," Wilson his, the "New Freedom."  RAW^

First State of the Union Message. The new president's State of the Union message was transmitted to C in December 1901, less than three months after he was thrust into office. Calculated to calm the fears of his party associates, the message was nevertheless a blueprint for far-reaching reforms. Roosevelt called for (1) greater control of corps. by the fed. gov.; (2) more authority for the Interstate Commerce Commission; (3) conservation of natural resources; (4) extension of the merit system in the civil service; (5) construction of an isthmian canal; and (6) a vigorous foreign policy.

DIRECT GOVERNMENT

The recall. This plan to make public officials more responsive to the people's will was first used in Los Angeles in 1903. The recall permits a certain portion of the voters (usually about 25 percent), by petition; to start proceedings to remain an officeholder before the expiration of the term for which he has been elected or appointed. Its use in connection with the recall of judges, as provided in the constitution of AZ, aroused bitter controversy, but there have been few examples of summary removal of officeholders in any of the three braches of government.

The direct primary. Introduced in Wisconsin in 1903 during La Follett's governorship, the direct primary is a preliminary election in which the voters directly nominate candidates of their own party to run in a general election. By 1933 some form of the direct primary was used in all but six of the states. But the hopes of the reformers that the device would break the power of the bosses at party nomination conventions proved overoptimistic.

The seventeenth Amendment (see below)

STATE AND MUNICIPAL WELFARE ACTION

The state level. A number of states enacted laws that regulated hours and wages of workers; restricted the type and amount of labor performed by women and children; provided for workers' compensation; granted public aid to widowed or deserted mothers with dependent children and to the aged; and set health and safety standards for industry.

The municipal level. Progressive reforms in the cities included the establishment of settlement houses to supply various educational, leisure, medical, and other services to congested urban communities; slim clearance; and the setting up of recreational facilities.

8/19/02 Taking his case to the nation, Roosevelt begins a trip around New England and the Midwest speaking out against the irresponsibility of trusts and monopolies. The electorate is widely enthusiastic, having agitated for relief from unregulated Big Business for some time.

In 1902 (*what month?) the discovery of a gigantic system of fraud by which timber companies and ranchers were looting the public preserve enables the President to obtain authority for transferring national forests to the department of agriculture, whose forest bureau under Gifford Pinchot administer them on scientific principles.

6/02/02 Under the leadership of William S. U'ren the Oregon will adopt direct primary and recall of public officials. These are tools of government for which the Progressive movement has been long advocating. In the new political climate that Roosevelt has created with his "strenuous" efforts on behalf of social justice. Oregon is just one of many State governments which begin to experiment with reforms such as women's suffrage, primaries, labor legislation, minimum wage and workmen's compensation. The trend is to force government to be responsive to a wider section of the public than it has been for the post three decades.

2/23/03 in "Champion v. Ames" the Supreme Court upholds a federal law which prohibits lottery tickets from being sent through the mails from one state to another. In articulating the reasons for its findings, the Court addresses the issue of "federal police power" which is found to supersede the police powers of the States. The Court finds that, under the Interstate Commerce Act, federal powers include the power to prohibit as well as to regulate. The ruling will be the basis for later regulation of food drugs and other items.

*?*? Roosevelt enforced, for the first time in years, the eight-hour law for federal employees, and he persuaded C to pass progressive legislation for the District of Columbia.

Physo-Emotional Dbl. 3rd Qtr. Review with
     Intellectual 4th Qtr. Alternatives
(1901 - 1907)

POLITICAL PROGRESSIVES

The Progressive period made memorable by Theodore Roosevelt began in 1901 and lasted almost twelve years during which he and William H. Taft were in the White House. The era was one of vigorous effort to remodel the structure of government, to further democratize its processes, and to make it an arbiter of social justice. For close to eight years the exuberant style of Roosevelt gave a new meaning to the presidency. His hand-picked successor, Taft, although possessing none of the Roosevelt style, did achieve many of the widely demanded reforms of the period.

RAW^

The state level. Republican governor Robert M. La Follett of Wisconsin was the first progressive chief executive at the state level. His program of reform, called the Wisconsin Idea, was, among other things, leveled against the corruption of political basses and the abuses of business interests, particularly the railroads. Other governors who drew nationwide attention as progressives were Republican Hiram Johnson of CA and Charles Evans Hughes of NY. Democrat Woodrow Wilson distinguished himself as a progressive governor of NJ before he was elected to the presidency.

The local level. The most notable of the many progressive mayors across the nation were Democrat Tom L. Johnson of Cleveland and Republican Samuel M. "Golden Rule" Jones of Toledo. Johnson worked ceaselessly to eliminate the political, economic, and social faults and abuses that existed in his city. He was widely considered the most competent person up to his time to serve as head of a municipality. Among the many reforms Jones implemented in Toledo were both an eight-hour workday and minimum wages for municipal employees.

The progressives' vigorous attack upon the structure and administration of municipal government led to reform that broke the power of city political machines in various parts of the nation.

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1903 Henry Ford, with capital of $100,000, founds the Ford Motor Company.

1903 J. P. Morgan founds the International Mercantile Marine company.

1905 Industrial Workers of the World, radical labor organization founded in Chicago.

 J. P. Morgan organizes U.S. Steel Corp. 1901

1901 National Bureau of Standards is established.

 In 1903 Ford formed the Ford Motor Company and brought out the Model N. As his business grew he issued a series of popularly-priced designs culminating in 1908 in the innovative Model T, which have been called "the greatest single vehicle in the history of world transportation." Ford built his Model T until 1927; it brought the automobile the common man and helped to transform the texture of American life.

1903 Henry Ford sets up his motor company.

1908 Taft elected president

8/5/09 Payne-Aldrich Tariff, which disregarded party pledges and maintained protection unimpaired. Strongly opposed by the insurgent Republicans from the west. The first step in the downfall of Taft's administration. 

1909 Rockefeller Sanitary Commission established (beginnings of Rockefeller Foundation)

2. Business & Economy  1902-10 Physical Cycle top    

2. Business & Economy  1902-10 Emotional Cycle top    

2. Business & Economy  1902-10 Intellectual Cycle top    

Intellectual Upward Crossover (March 21, 1907- March 21, 1908)

1907? It was discovered that the Sugar Trust had swindled the government out $4 million in custom duties by false weights.

10/1/07 Due to a shortage of currency from reckless over-capitalization of new enterprises,  a down-turn in the stock market has been heralding trouble since spring. Now the public, which has been investing heavily in Big Business, panics and makes runs on banks across the nation. In New York thousands converge on the Knickerbocker Trust Company which, after a day and a half, fails to meet its obligations, thus beginning the depression of 1907-08. Roosevelt asks his arch-enemy, the skillful financier J.P. Morgan, to come out or sent-retirement and mange the financial crisis. Morgan deftly steers the country out of financial trouble. He and his friends import $100,000,000 of gold from Europe to help shore up U.S. currency. But his financial wizardry does not include measures to offset the depression which follows, one which will last into the following election year. The Panic of 1907 is seen to be caused by the rigidity of the bond-secured currency system. Next year the entire banking system will come under review by a special banking commission headed by Senator Nelson W. Aldrich.

2. Business & Economy  1902-10 Polyrhythms top    

Physo-Emotional Dbl. 3rd Qtr. Review (1901 - 1908)

1901 July 14
The Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel and Tin Workers called a general strike against the U.S. Steel Corporation subsidiaries, the first steelworker’s strike since 1892.

    In 1901 Americans were perhaps most alarmed about spread of so-called trusts, or industrial combinations, which they thought responsible for the steady price increases that had occurred each yr since 1897. Ever alert to the winds of public opinion, Roosevelt responded by activating Sherman Anti-Trust Act or 1890, which had lain dormant because of Cleveland's and McKinley's refusal to enforce it & also because of the Supreme Court's ruling of 1895 that measure did not apply to combinations in manufacturing. Beginning in 1902 w a suit to dissolve a northwestern railroad monopoly, Roosevelt moved next against the so-called Beef Trust, then against the oil, tobacco, and other monopolies. In every case the Sup Ct supported the admin, going so far in the oil and tobacco decision of 1911 as to reverse its 1895 decision. In addition, in 1903 Roosevelt persuaded a reluctant Congress to established Bureau of Corporations with sweeping power to investigate usiness practices; the bureau's thoroughgoing reports were of immense assistance in antitrust cases.  While establishing the supremacy of the federal government in the industrial field, Roosevelt, in 1902, also took action unprecedented in the history of the presidency by intervening in coal strike.

1902 (*what month?) President Roosevelt decided to challenge another form of combination, the holding company, which was outside the scope of the decision on the Trans-Missouri case. His attorney general entered suit against the Northern Securities Company, a consolidation of Hill, Morgan and Harriman interest that controlled four of the six transcontinental railways. By a narrow margin, the Supreme court decided that the government, thereby stopping a process of consolidation that Harriman proposed to continue until every important railway in the country came under his control.

    Also in May, 1902 he took unprecedented presidential intervention in the United Mine Workers of America strike against Pennsylvania anthracite coal operators to force arbitration, in this crossover year. Roosevelt summoned a conference of mine owners and the union leaders. The unions offered to arbitrate, the owners refused, and urged the President to break the strike with the army as Cleveland might have done. Roosevelt merely published their results of the conference, and public indignation then compelled the owners to submit to arbitration by a presidential commission. This episode not only strengthened his popularity, it taught him to use public industry.

Roosevelt resented what he called the unions; "arrogant and domineering" attitude, and supported the open shop.

Fraud were found in the department and punished.

The Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers tried to organize U.S. Steel by staging a recognition strike. U.S. Steel executives pressured American Sheet Steel executives into recognizing the AA at most Sheet Steel plants on July 13, 1901. But AA president T.J. Shaffer rejected the deal because it did not cover all American Sheet Steel plants.

U.S. Steel president J.P. Morgan then backed out of the deal.

The strike failed. U.S. Steel and American Sheet Steel workers refused to leave work, both companies hired thousands of strikebreakers, and the AFL refused to support the AA financially or organizationally. The strike against U.S. Steel ended on September 14.

Aftermath of the U.S. Steel strike

The AA never recovered from the U.S. Steel strike. It turned strongly conservative, hoping through submissiveness and cooperation to maintain its few remaining contracts. U.S. Steel slowly dismantled AA unions in its plants. Roosevelt became very popular and was re-elected in 1904 with a mandate for reform.

BUSINESS REFORM

Northern Securities Case; Expedition Act; Bureau of Corporations; Elkins Act; Hepburn Act; - Newlands Act; Internal Waterways Commission; National Conservation Commission;- Pure Food and Drug Act; The Meat Inspections Act;  were some of Roosevelt's groovy reforms.

Federal Prosecutions. During the almost eight years of the Roosevelt presidency, the Justice Department obtained twenty-four indictments against the trusts. The most significant of the judicial decisions, some rendered during the succeeding Taft administration, were (1) the injunction, in 1905, forbidding the member firms of the beef trust to engage in certain practices designed to restrain competition; (2) the suite, in 1911, that resulted in the dissolution of the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey, a holding company with a monopoly in the oil-refining business; and (3) the order, in 1911, requiring the reorganization of the American Tobacco Company, found to be an illegal combination. In the course of deliberating alleged violations of the Sherman Antitrust Act, the Supreme Court formulated what became known as the "rule of reason"-only "unreasonable" combination is restraint of trade should be prohibited.

RAW^

THE MUCKRAKERS

The muckrakers. The term muckrakers was applied to a group of writers who stirred public opinion to the point of action by exposing abuses in business and corruption in politics.

Influential practitioners. Some of the best-known muckrakers were Frank Norris, whose novels "The Octopus" (1901) and "The Pit" (1903) attacked the Southern Pacific Railroad and the Chicago grain market, respectively; Ida M. Tarbell, whose "History of the Standard Oil Company" (1904) condemned the practices of that monopolistic corporation; Lincoln Steffens, whose "Shame of the Cities" (1904) exposed corruption in various municipal governments across the nation; and Upton Sinclair, whose novel "The Jungle (1906) decried conditions in the Chicago meat-packing plants. Several popular magazines of the period, including "Collier's," "Cosmopolitan," "Everybody's," and "McClure's," provided the muckrakers with a forum for some of their most sensational disclosures.

RAW^

The president, who had declared that the most powerful corporation, like the humblest citizen, should be compelled to obey the law, was pleased that the government won its case in the lower federal courts and that the Supreme Court, in 1904, upheld th decision.

1903 Beginning of effective state legislation limiting hours of labor of children and establishing state departments of labor or industrial boards. By 1930, 37 states had established the 48-hour week for children in factories.

3/14/04 The Northern Securities Case decided. The efforts of Edward H. Harriman to gain control, first of the Burlington system and then of the Northern Pacific stock was bid up to fabulous prices, producing the so-called "Northern Pacific Panic" (1901). This was followed by an agreement between the rival groups for the merging of the Northern Pacific, Great Northern, and Burlington systems through the Northern Securities Company. this the supreme court declared to be a violation of the Anti-Trust Act and its dissolution was ordered.

1902 May 12 - Oct 13, Strike of anthracite coal miners, demanding union recognition, a nine-hour day, and wage increase. In the face of a threatened coal famine, Roosevelt intervened and threatened to work the mines with federal troops, whereupon the owners accepted his suggestion of a commission to investigate. The miners returned to work, but when the commission made its award, union recognition was withheld. Not until 1916 did the miners receive union recognition, with an eight-hour day.

5/12/02 Under the leadership of John Mitchell,140,000 United Mine Workers go on strike. Mitchell is willing to arbitrate, but the owners have refused. At this point, the railroad companies own most of the mines. Evading the law, the railroads have successfully eliminated all competition, mainly by their policy of selective rebates, and freight charges are excessively high, causing untold regional hardships. To the general complaint, the ill-paid miners have added grievances of their own: miner are compelled to live in company houses, at company rents, to buy only at company stores; they are often paid only in supplies from these stores, and are what has come to be called economic slaves. The owners refuse to recognize the UMW and refuse to negotiate. The strike will continue well into the fall, and by October the general public, particularly in the Northeast, becomes directly involved as the price of coal rises from $5.00 to $30.00 a ton. The owners complacently wait for the government to intervene on their behalf as it has so often in major strikes of the past. On July 17 George F. Baer, President of the Reading Coal and Iron Company, expresses their position in a famous message: "The rights and interests of the laboring man will be protected and cared for, not by the labor agitators, but by the Christian men to whom God in his infinite wisdom has given the control of the property interests of his country, and upon the successful management of which so much depends." Although the strike is more peaceful than usual, violence occasionally erupts. Without constitutional authority to intervene, Roosevelt waits out the summer, but by October the public is putting considerable pressure upon him to provide a settlement. Unsure of how to proceed, he summons the opposing groups to the White House for consultations; the owners retire in anger. Impatient with their recalcitrance, Roosevelt arranges to have the Army take over the mines and run them in the "public interest." Seeing that he is serious, J. P. Morgan agrees to negotiate. He meets with Secretary of War Elihu Root. On October 16 a Commission of Arbitration is formed to investigate the miners' grievances; in the meantime the men return to work. In March 1903 the Commission will recommend most of the provisions for which the miners had struck, including a permanent board of arbitration, at least token recognition of their union, higher wages, shorter hours and greater independence from the owners. Roosevelt's successful handling of the situation brings him great national popularity...

  ...In March 1903, the board decided to grant a 10-percent wage increase and a nine-hour workday, but it failed to recognize the union. the decision became the basis of peace between management and labor in the anthracite coal districts for the next fifteen years.

1902 Maryland enacted the first state workmen's compensation law.

2/11/03 Reflecting popular support for Roosevelt's active campaign for social justice, C adopts the Expedition Act, which gives priority to the Attorney General's antitrust cases in the circuit courts.

The Expedition Act of 1903 gave precedence on federal court calendars to cases arising from alleged on observance of the Sherman Antitrust Act of the Interstate Commerce Act.

1903 Railroad legislation. In 1903 the Elkins Act was passed to strengthen the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, which had proved so ineffective. The Elkins Act forbade railroads to deviate from published schedules of rates and made railway officers as well as the companies liable in cases of rebating.

The Elkins Act passed in 1903, struck at the practice of secret rebates, which had been declared illegal by the Interstate Commerce Act of 1877. According to the Elkins Act, the recipient, as well as the grantor of the rebate, was made liable to prosecution. Further, the agent or official of the railroad was held legally responsible for any deviation from regular published rates.

2/19/03 The Elkins Act is passed by C. The Act carves out new ground by declaring illegal all rebates on published freight rates. However, staying within the powers granted under the Sherman Anti-trust Act, the new Act does not extend to regulation of rates. Not until the Hepburn Act of 1906, enacted after more railroad scandals come to light, will the Federal Government be empowered to regulate most interstate transportation.    Evading the law, the railroads had successfully eliminated all competition, mainly by their policy of selective rebates, and freight charges are excessively high, causing untold regional hardships.

3/22/03 The special commission set up by Roosevelt to settle the anthracite coal dispute recommends shorter hours, a 10 percent wage increase and an "open shop" will later be used against organized labor, but in this instance, when the owners adamantly refuse to recognize the United Mine Workers union, the decision precludes discrimination against union members.

In 1903, Roosevelt persuaded congress to establish the Bureau of Corporations with strong power to investigate business practices, its major target was antitrust cases. He battled with congress for the Hepburn Act of 1906 which greatly enlarged the Interstate Commerce commission's jurisdiction and forbade the railroads to raise rates without its approval. That same year, he obtained passage of the Meat Inspection Act and a Pure Food and Drug Act. Also that same year, Upton Sinclair's famous novel, "The Jungle" revealed unsanitary conditions of the Chicago stockyards and packing plants.

Within the Department of Commerce and Labor, established in 1903, was the Bureau of Corporations, which was authorized to investigate possible violations of antitrust prohibitions. Congress appropriated a special fund of $500,000 for bringing suit against illegal business combinations.

7/5/04 The long and bitter textile strike of some 25,000 workers in the mills of Massachusetts begins in Fall River. The struggle brings to national attention reprehensible conditions in the mills. The National Child Labor Committee is formed this year in order to bring some protection to children who, as young as 10 years old, are working long adult hours under the most difficult circumstances.

after 1904 (*when) Roosevelt had gotten passed, pure food law, a meat inspection law, and the Hepburn law that conferred on the Interstate Commerce Commission the power of the railroad making. all part of the "Square Deal".

1/20/05 In "Swift & Co. v United States," the Supreme Court rules unanimously in favor of the government in its attempt to break up the ill-famed "Beef Trust": however the ruling fails to affect the strongly entrenched meat monopoly.

6/27/05 The industrial Workers of the World, a union, is organized in Chicago, as a more militant attempt to restore balance to the social structure of the nation. William D. Haywood is the active proponent of industrial unionism to offset the temperate craft unionism of the venerable American Federation of Labor. The IWW distinguishes the industrial laborer as a separate entity from other workers in the struggle for a more equitable share of American wealth. However the working segment of society, increasingly tipped into poverty, aware of the vast wealth consolidating into a few hands, is beset by unrest, inevitably feeling that resort to violence may be the only solution to Big Business practices unrestrained by social justice. But the voices for balance are becoming stronger, and side by side with militant unionism is a roused electorate which is experimenting with new forms to make government more responsive to the will of the people. The Senate, now the most blatant body resisting ongoing social adjustments to newly rising situations, will come under peaceful but effective attack through new experiments in initiative referendum and recall which are being adopted in Western States.

9/6/05 Continuing his campaign to restore social justice to the economic life of the nation, Roosevelt turns his big gins onto the insurance companies whose scandalous behavior has shocked the nation. Fifty-seven hearings will be conducted under the able direction of Charles Evans Hughes, whom Roosevelt has charged with the investigation. Many of the nation's riches men are found to be involved in penny-ante schemes to defraud small-policy holders. Exposure of the corrupt manner in which the companies operate will lead to many reforms.

The Hepburn Act of 1906 extended the control of the commission to express companies, sleeping-car companies, pipeline, ferry, and terminal facilities. The commission was given power to reduce a rate found to be unreasonable. Passes were abolished and a commodity clause included. The Mann-Elkins Act (1910) extended the commission's jurisdiction to telephone and telegraph lines, cable and wireless companies. The long-and-short-haul clause was made effective. On March 1, 1913, Taft signed the Physical Valuation Act, requiring the commission to evaluate the properties of the railways as the basis for fixing of rates which would enable the companies to earn a fair return on their investments.

1906 Revelations of conditions in Chicago stockyard contained in Upton Sinclair's novel "The Jungle" lead to the U.S. Pure Food and Drugs Act.

6/29/06 C passes the Hepburn Act, which Roosevelt has strongly endorsed. It will give teeth to the Interstate Commerce Act by permitting regulation of rates charged by railroads, pipelines and terminals. The number of members on the Interstate Commission is raised from five to seven, and new accounting methods are introduced. In his persuasive way, Roosevelt ably creates a climate of opinion whereby the Hepburn Act passes through the usually unresponsive Senate, and by-passes the unlikely coalition of liberal Robert La Follette and rabble-rousing Ben Tillman who are demanding appraisal of railroad property in order to determine fair rates.

1906 The Hepburn Act made regulation for the first time possible, and extended its field from interstate railways to steamships, express and sleeping-car companies. This was further enlarged in 1910 by adding telephone and telegraph companies. The Hepburn Act authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission, upon complaint, to determine and prescribe maximum rates. Owing to respect for the ancient principle of judicial review, appeals to federal courts had to be admitted; but the burden of proof was now on the carrier, not the commission. Railways were forced to disgorge most of the steamship lines and coal mines with which they had been wont to stifle competition.

The Hepburn Act, by increasing the power of the Interstate Commerce Commission, the Hepburn Act, passed in 1906, made a great advance toward government regulation of the railroads. The act (1) raised the membership of the commission from five to seven; (2) the commission authority over express companies and pipelines; (3) granted the commission power to reduce unreasonably high and discriminatory rates, subject to judicial review; (4) placed the burdens of proof in all legal disputes upon the carrier rather than the commission; (5) forbade the railroads to transport commodities in the production of which they were themselves interested; and (6) established a uniform system of accounting to be used by the carriers. Although the Hepburn Act fell short of conferring upon the Interstate commerce Commission the absolute power to fix rates, it made the commission an effective agency for the first time since its creation twenty years earlier.

6/30/06 C passes the Meat Inspection Act. Upton Sinclair's "The Jungle," a lurid expose of the disgusting procedures in the meat-packing industry of the time, has roused the wrath of the nation, Roosevelt included. The president has tried to reach as agreement with the meat packers to allow government inspection. Their adamant refusal and arrogant assumption that there is nothing he can so about it goads him to release a government report on the meat industry's practices, a report which has been ordered by Roosevelt after reading Sinclair's book. Overnight meat sales drop in half and the suddenly repentant meat packers plead for government inspection in order to restore public confidence. C quickly enacts the needed legislation.

6/30/06 the Pure Food and Drug Act prohibiting the misbranding and adulteration of foods.

5/28/08 C enacts a bill which will regulate child labor in the District of Columbia. It is hoped that the law will set an example for the states.

Beginning of effective state legislation limiting hours of labor of children and establishing state departments of labor or industrial boards. By 1930, 37 states had established the 48-hour week for children in factories.

4/17/05 In "Lochner v New York," the Supreme Court  finds unconstitutional a state law which limits maximum working hours for bakers. The Court holds that such a law interferes with the right to free contract and is an improper use of police powers. In his famous dissent Justice Holmes holds that the Constitution "is not intended to embody a particular economic theory, whether of paternalism...or of "laissez-faire." The need for some legislative protection for the single worker in the face of the enormous power wielded by employers is becoming increasingly obvious.

1908 In "Muller v Oregon" the Supreme Court rules that an Oregon law limiting the maximum hours a woman can work is constitutional and denies that it curtails the liberty of contract guaranteed by the 14th Amendment.

1908 Oregon adopted the principle of the recall of all executive officials. The supreme court, in the case of Muller v. Oregon, upheld the Oregon ten-hour law for women in industry. by 1930 all but five states had laws limiting hours of work of women.

Physical 3rd Qtr. Review with
     Intellectual 4th Qtr. Alternatives
(1901 - 1908)

1908 Henry Ford introduced his Model T in 1908 and by 1913 was producing them on the first major industrial production line.

Trirhythmic Low (1901 -1907)

1903. Brief panic.

Trirhythmic Low ending with
Intellectual Upward Crossover
(1901 -1907)

906 - 1907 Stock Market Crash: This crash was called the "Panic of 1907." The U.S. Treasury department bought 36 million dollars worth of government bonds to offset the decline (and remember, $36 million translates to a much bigger number in today's dollars).

3rd Worst Stock Market Crash:
Date Started: 1/19/1906
Date Ended: 11/15/1907

Total Days: 665
Starting DJIA: 75.45
Ending DJIA: 38.83
Total Loss: -48.5%

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The founding in 1903 of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research is a second landmark. For there could be little progress in medicine without research, and that required training and adequate support. The Institute was first step leading to the vast and continuing expansion of facilities for medical research. Seven years later appeared the Flexner report on Medical Education, result of a two-year investigation initiated by the American Medical Association and financed by on of the Carnegie foundations. Dr. Abraham Flexner exposed numerous "degree mills" which even granted M.D.'s by correspondence, he found the average medical school inadequately staffed by busy general practitioners who had neither time nor inclination for research' indeed, the only first-class medical school, he said, was the John Hopkins.

1902 Valdemar Poulsen invents the arc generator.

1905 Einstein formulates theory of relativity [where?]

Human speech is first transmitted by radio wave by Fessenden in 1900. First radio program of voice and music is broadcast in the US by Fessenden 1906.

3. Science & Technology  1902-10 Physical Cycle top    

3. Science & Technology  1902-10 Emotional Cycle top    

3. Science & Technology  1902-10 Intellectual Cycle top    

Intellectual 1st Qtr. Foundation (1907 - 1918)

First commercial manufacture of Bakelite signals commencement of plastic age 1909

Pheno-formaldehyde resin, synthetic resin based on phenol, used in many industrial applications as an electrical insulator, in molding and casting operations, as an adhesive, and and baked enamel coating. Phenol-formaldehyde resins are indispensable in manufacturing chemical equipment, machine and instrument housings, bottle closures, and many machine and electrical components.

The production method for manufacturing this plastic was devised in 1909 by L. H. Bakeland in the US, and the name Bakelite is a registered trademark of the Union Carbide Corporation. It displaced celluloid for nearly all applications early in the 20th century.

1909 T. H. Morgan begins researches in genetics.

3. Science & Technology  1902-10 Polyrhythms top    

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1903 First coast to coast crossing of Am by car takes 65 days.

1903 Orville and Wilbur Wright successfully fly a powered airplane.

1903 first coast to coast crossing of the Amer. continent by car; 65 days.

1904 Broadway subway opens in New York.

1904 First railroad tunnel under North (Hudson) River between Manhattan and New Jersey.

1907 Ross Harrison develops tissue culture techniques.

4. Mechanical  1902-10 Physical Cycle top    

Physical Low (1901 - 1915)

Samuel Pierpont Langley began his work around 1886 when he was professor of astronomy at the Western University of Pa. (now the U. of Pittsburgh). After his appointment to the Smithsonian (1887), Langley continued his aeronautical work. The " Langley Memoir on Mechanical Flight (Smithsonian, 1911) is required reading for all serious students of man-flight history.

Late in 1891 he realized that rubber-powered models had little practical future and began work to develop small steam power plants. At this time he coined the term aerodrome (Greek, "air runner") to describe his flying vehicles. By 1896 he had designed, redesigned, built, rebuilt, and tested Aerodromes numbers 0 to 6. this work involved literally thousands of changes and modifications to the hundreds of mechanical components involved. These are all carefully documented in hi "Memoir."

Between 1894 and early 1896 a number of launchings were attempted from a catapult device mounted on top of a small barge anchored in the Potoman Rover below Washington, D,C, Terdults were uniformly disappointing until May 5, 1896, when Aerodrome Number 5 went off successfully and flew some 3,200 feet in a series of wide circles. Recovered from the water, Number 5 made a second flight on the same day, this time covering some 2,300 feet. On November 28, in the same year, a modified machine of the same general design (Number ^0 made a stable flight of some 4,200 feet in one minute, 45 seconds. These flights were observed and photographed by the inventor of the telephone, Alexander Graham Bell, himself an active student and experimenter in aeronautics.

While work was progressing on the large engine, a one-quarter scale Aerodrome was built, powered by a small, air-cooled, five-cylinder gasoline engine that developed just over three horsepower at 1800 rpm. Although work on the model was completed by October 1901, because of work priority given to the large machine it was not test-flown until August 8, 1903. Only one flight was made-1,000 feet in 27 seconds-but it demonstrated to Langley's satisfaction that the design of the large Aerodrome was

fundamentally correct. This, incidentally, was the first flight of a heavier-than-air vehicle powered by a gasoline engine.

Shortly after the model flight, the full-scale machine was ready for test. By early October the necessary modifications had been made on the launching mechanism to accommodate the Aerodrome. On October 7, Charles Manly took his place at the controls, the engine roared, and the machine was released. Result: total failure.

Only nine days after the Aerodrome's final crash (12/8/03), Orville Wright rose from the sands of Kitty Hawk on man's first successful airplane flight.

There is a historical footnote to the Langley machine: in connection with a long and bitter legal controversy over claims of Glenn Curtiss and the Wright patents, the original Langley Aerodrome was lent to Curtiss by the Smithsonian Institution in 1914 and sent to his factory at Hammondsport, New York. There it was reconditioned, allegedly in accordance with the original plans, though significant structural modifications were made to enable the craft to operate off the water as a seaplane. It made one or two brief off-the-water hops (five seconds_ with the original Manly engine, and later, after further structural changes, and with the substitution of a Curtess aircraft engine and a propeller, it made several straightaway flights at low altitude over Lake Keuka, in New York. Returned to the Smithsonian, it was then labeled as "the first airplane capable of sustained free flight with a man," to the great annoyance of Orville Wright (Wilbur Wright had died in 1912).

1914 US Court decides patent suit on airplanes in favor of Wright brothers against Glenn Curtiss [yes, that's 1914!]The Wright brothers made their first successful flight of  a motor driven airplane in 1903.

Wilbur Wright flies an airplane for 30 mi. in 40 minutes 1908.

4. Mechanical  1902-10 Emotional Cycle top    

4. Mechanical  1902-10 Intellectual Cycle top    

Intellectual 1st Qtr. Foundation (1907 - 1908)

1908 First Model T Ford motor cars are produced: known as the "Tin Lizzie," it is to sell 15m altogether.

4. Mechanical  1902-10 Polyrhythms top    

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November 27, 1901 Secretary of War, Elihu Root, establishes the Army War College.

10/11/06 The San Francisco Board of Education orders children of Oriental extraction to attend a purely Oriental school. Those "infernal fools in California," explodes Roosevelt when he hears of the order. Anti-Amn feeling in Japan runs high, and Roosevelt, worried about the international consequences of the law, feels called upon to intervene. Inviting the Mayor of San Francisco to the White House, the President persuades him to rescind the order with the understanding that the White House will attempt to discourage Japanese immigration to the United States, This Roosevelt accomplishes diplomatically in his "gentleman's agreement" of 1907.

RAW^

In October 1905 the segregation of Japanese schoolchildren in San Francisco schools led to strained relations with Japan, which were adjusted by the intervention of Roosevelt. This school controversy, however, proved to be merely one aspect of the general opposition on the Pacific coast to Japanese immigration. Japan declared it was not her practice to issue passports to laborers to come to the United States, though passports were issued for Hawaii, Canada, and Mexico, the holders of which in most cases come to the United Sates. Japan expressed her intention of continuing this policy, and relying on the gentlemen's agreement, congress inserted in the Immigration Act of 1907 a clause authorizing the president to exclude from the continental territory of the United States holders of passports issued by any foreign government to its citizens to go to any country other than the US. By the Root-Takahira agreement of November 1908 Japan confirmed "the principle of equal opportunity for commerce and industry in China" and agreed to support the "independence and integrity" of that empire.

5. Education  1902-10 Physical Cycle top    

5. Education  1902-10 Emotional Cycle top    

5. Education  1902-10 Intellectual Cycle top    

Intellectual 4th Qtr. Alternatives (1896 - 1907)

These same disciplines contributed somewhat later to John Dewey's rejection of the Hegelian notion of and Absolute Mind manifesting itself as a rationally structured, a material universe and as realizing its goals through a dialectic of ideas. Dewey found more acceptable a theory of reality that holds that nature, as encountered in scientific and ordinary experience, is the ultimate reality and that regards a mind as a product of nature who finds his meaning and goals in life here and now.

Since theses doctrines, which were to remain at the center of all of Dewey's future philosophizing, also furnished the framework in which Dewey's colleagues in the department carried on their research, a distinct, school of philosophy was in operation. This was recognized by William James in 1903, when a collection of essays written by Dewey and seven of his associates in the department, "Studies in Logical Theory," appeared. James hailed the book enthusiastically and declared that with its publication o new school of philosophy, the Chicago school, had made its appearance.

RAW^ [fr Encl Brit 5:680, more good stuff there!]

[note the progressive education movement as it began in US]

Like Spencer's philosophy, Dewey's is an evolutionism; but unlike Spencer, Dewey and his disciples have so far (with the exception of Dewey's admirable writings on ethics) confined themselves to establishing certain general principles without applying them to details.  Unlike Spencer, again, Dewey is a pure empiricist.  There is nothing real, whether being or relation between beings, which is not direct matter of experience. There is no Unknowable or Absolute behind or around the finite world.  No Absolute, either, in the sense of anything eternally constant; no term is static, but everything is process and change.

5. Education  1902-10 Polyrhythms top    

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1905 the Federal council of Churches of Christ in A., 1st major interdenominational org., founded; succeeded (1950) by the National Council of Churches of Christ in the USA.

1907 Social Gospel. Pub. of "Christianity and the Social Crisis" by Walter Rauschenbusch w its criticism of capitalism and the industrial revolution and its stress on cooperation rather than competition.

6. Religion & Spirituality  1902-10 Physical Cycle top    

6. Religion & Spirituality  1902-10 Emotional Cycle top    

6. Religion & Spirituality  1902-10 Intellectual Cycle top    

6. Religion & Spirituality  1902-10 Polyrhythms top    

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The Flatiron building, on Broadway, Fifth Avenue and East 23rd Street, overlooking Madison Square, is one of the first skyscrapers built in New York, this two story structure was completed in 1902. [when did construction begin?]

7. Arts & Design  1902-10 Physical Cycle top    

7. Arts & Design  1902-10 Emotional Cycle top    

7. Arts & Design  1902-10 Intellectual Cycle top    

Intellectual 4th Qtr. Alternatives (1896 - 1907)

Frank Lloyd Wight: The 1904 Larkin Building in Buffalo was a pioneering business edifice; the 1906 Unity Temple in Oak Park later became a National Historical Landmark. In 1911 he built Taliesin, his home, school, and studio, in Wisconsin.

7. Arts & Design  1902-10 Polyrhythms top    

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Albert Paine, playwright, pubs "The Great White Way," the title of which becomes a popular nickname for Broadway.

8. Literature & Pub.  1902-10 Physical Cycle top    

8. Literature & Pub.  1902-10 Emotional Cycle top    

8. Literature & Pub.  1902-10 Intellectual Cycle top    

8. Literature & Pub. 1902-10 Polyrhythms top    

Physo-Emotional Dbl. Crossover Review (1901 - 1908)

Lincoln Steffen's [confirm spelling of Steffens] series on "The Shame of the Cities: in "McClure's" Magazine, starting 1902 [confirm date], had an immense impact. Theodore Roosevelt inconsistently called Steffens and his fellow writers (such as Ida Tarbell who showed up Standard Oil, Upton Sinclair of "The Jungle" fame, and Ray Stannard Baker) "the muckrakers"- a metaphor from "Pilgrim's Progress"-but they muckraked to fool purpose, exposing the evils of city and state governments, unions, business, the drug trade, and whatever was curably wrong in diverse segments of American life.

[mention Bernard Shaw

1902 [confirm date] Publication of Ida Tarbell's expose of the oil monopoly, "History of the Standard Oil Company," is begun in "McClure's Magazine," It is one of the first of a series of investigative reports into current business practices and social situations. Others include "The Octopus" and "The Pit," by Frank Norris, "The Shame of the Cities," by Lincoln Stiffens," [confirm spelling of Steffens] The Jungle" by Upton Sinclair" and "The Iron Heel" by Jack London. These were electrifying works, carefully researched, and reported with restraint and courage. They will have a direct impact on the course of future political action.

In April 1906, Theodore Roosevelt felt exasperated enough to expostulate against the press and a new breed of writers who were busy exposing the evils of the society in which they lived. "Muckrakers," he called these men and women after the man in "Pilgrim's Progress" who was so used to watching the filth it was his job to scrape up that he could see nothing else. By the end of that year thanks to just one of those "muckrakers," Upton Sinclair, and his novel "The Jungle," the meat industry, one of the most scandalous of all, had so lost public confidence that it had been brought to bed for federal regulation of its infamous meatpacking procedures. Although she did not initiate the form, in 1903 Id Tarbell's monumental investigation of the oil monopoly, "History of the Standard Oil Company," was published by "McClure's in serial form. The book did much to influence demand for subsequent trust legislation, and its success set the stage for serious writers to search out social injustices wherever they might be found. At the same time, newspapers and magazines seemed to have insatiable appetites for any and all exposure, the more sensational the better; between 1904 and 1910 some very lurid reading appeared in the press, answering to Roosevelt's irate description. However, among the sensationalism some serious investigative reporting of the highest order was to be found; for example, there were Thomas Lawson's "Frenzied Finance," (1902); Charles D. Russell's "The Greatest Trust in the World" (1905); Ray Stannard Baker's "The Railroads on Trial" (1906); David Phillips' "The Treason of the Senate," (1906) and Lincoln Steffens' "The Shame of the Cities" (1904)

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Edwin Porter was a pioneer US director-photographer who first used the technique of dramatic editing (piecing together scenes shot at different times and places) to tell a story. During 1902-1906 Porter, still at Edison's company, revolutionized moviemaking. The work of French inventor George Meilies in controlling camera movements and in using camera shots to tell a story inspired Porter to produce "The Life of an "American Fireman" (1903), the first American documentary film. "The Great Train Robbery" later that year was the most successful and influential of the early story films and established Porter as one of the outstanding figures in motion pictures.

By 1906 there are more than 1,000 Nickelodeons in the USA: cinema has become mass entertainment.

1906 George M. Cohan produces "Forty-five Minutes From Broadway, New York

[Note how Charles Ives combined both the Third & Fourth Quarter]

9. Entertainment  1902-10 Physical Cycle top    

9. Entertainment  1902-10 Emotional Cycle top    

9. Entertainment  1902-10 Intellectual Cycle top    

9. Entertainment  1902-10 Polyrhythms top    

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10. Sports  1902-10 Physical Cycle top    

10. Sports  1902-10 Emotional Cycle top    

10. Sports  1902-10 Intellectual Cycle top    

10. Sports  1902-10 Polyrhythms top    

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11. Fashion  1902-10 Physical Cycle top    

11. Fashion  1902-10 Emotional Cycle top    

11. Fashion  1902-10 Intellectual Cycle top    

11. Fashion  1902-10 Polyrhythms top    

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1901 Fire in Jacksonville, Florida destroys 1700 buildings causes $11 mil damage, and leaves 10,000 person homeless.

4/18/06 San Francisco earthquake is rocked by the most extensive earthquake in US history. Fire spreads and last for three days, destroying four square miles of the city. Over 500,000 people are made homeless, and some 500 people are killed.

6/1/09 W. E. B. Du Bois founds the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. The group is in direct opposition to Booker T. Washington's policy of restraint. Harvard-educated Du Bois advocates equality and equal opportunity for blacks, both intellectually and economically.

Robert Peary reaches the North Pole in 1909.

4/6/09 Robert E. Peary reaches latitude 90 degrees north, better known as the North Pole. Peary leaves the advance base with 18 companions, four of whom are Eskimos and one of whom is a black, Mathew Henson.

12. Lifestyles  1902-10 Physical Cycle top    

12. Lifestyles  1902-10 Emotional Cycle top    

12. Lifestyles  1902-10 Intellectual Cycle top    

12. Lifestyles  1902-10 Polyrhythms top    

Physo-Emotional Dbl. 3rd Qtr. Review (1901 - 1908)

4/30/08 Heralding a trend, 267 Massachusetts towns and cities vote for local-prohibition. Worcester, with its population of 130,000, is the largest city in the country to go dry.

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