These Timelines are a detailed look at the time and the influence of Cycles. Significant events of the decade are analyzed through Twelve categories that serve as a kaleidoscopic lens through time, (see the clickable links above), as well as the position of Cycles at the time, (see the clickable folder links in the upper left corner). You can read and link up and down vertically through this Timeline, or, you can go any Category and link horizontally to the same Category in other Timelines (links are provided at the head of each Category). This cross linking is designed to provide a fast and easy way to make reading fun and interesting.
See the go to Overview here link near the top for a brief look at Cycles for this decade.
See the Matrix links above left for navigating through all Overviews and Timelines by Time, Subject, or Cycle as described in Introduction to Part II).
Our first decade showed early signs of our energies manifesting throughout American life. As the Revolutionary War went on to an eventual Colonial victory, elements our nation began to define the Physical, Emotional, and Intellectual characteristics of a people.
The Revolutionary War continued throughout the 1770's. Britain#&39;s General Howe captured New York in 1776. Nathan Hale was hanged as a spy. General Washington took Princeton in 1777. Britain's General John Burgoyne seized Fort Ticonderoga, but failed to take Albany in 1777. Colonial forces then defeated Burgoyne at the Battle of Saratoga. General Howe defeated Washington's forces at the Brandywine and at Germantown Pennsylvania in 1777 and they took control of the Delaware River. Washington returned to defeat the British at the Battle of Monmouth in 1778. After the American Congress ratified a treaties with France and Holland, and rejected a British peace offer, the British evacuated Philadelphia to avoided a potential blockade by the French fleet. British Tories and Indians attacked inhabitants of Wyoming Valley, PA and Cherry Valley, New Jersey in 1778. The Old Northwest was conquered when George Rogers Clarks led Virginians in capturing Vincennes, Indiana where British troops surrendered in 1779. Also in 1779, General Anthony Wayne defeated the British at Stoney Point, New York. John Paul Jones commanded the "Bonhomee Richard" in a naval victory against the British frigate, "Serapis" off of the east coast of England. Although an Act of Congress prohibited the import of slaves into the United States in 1778, it would later take another war to bring freedom to all. America had begun. The Physical, Emotional and Intellectual identities were taking shape and manifesting in all forms of life, viewed here in the Timelines of America.
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| 1. Political 1770s |
Physical Cycle |
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| 1. Politcal 1770s |
Emotional Cycle |
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| 1. Political 1770s |
Intellectual Cycle |
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| 1. Political 1770s |
Polyrhythms |
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Trirhythmic 1st Qtr. Foundation |
(1775 - 1782) |
The Declaration of Independence was signed in Philadelphia on July 4, 1776 to state that " these united colonies are and of right ought to be, free and independent states," a noted in the resolution introduced by Henry Lee of Virginia on June 6. Thomas Jefferson prepared the first draft, improvements followed by Adams and Granlin and the document was adopted on July 2. After a few changes, it was signed by 61 patriots on July 4 declare that each person has certain unalienable rights, and that governments derive their powers from the consent of the governed. This revolutionary philosophy against the self proclaimed entitlement of monarchies ushered in not only a new nation, but a new political age. Therein lies the birth mark identified on America's birth certificate.
The Vermont State Constitution was drafted in July, 1777, to make Vermont the first state to abolish slavery and adopt universal male suffrage without regard to property. This set the precedent that would later be followed to a lesser degrees by other New England states. Vermont and New England went on to be a stronghold against slavery in the abolitionist movement of the 1850s. Vermont declared itself an independent state on January 16, 1777.
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| 2. Business & Economy 1770s |
Physical Cycle |
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Physical 1st Qtr. Foundation |
(1775 - 1782) |
The First Cotton Factory in New England was established at Beverly, Massachusetts in 1787 under the management of John Cabot and Joshua Fisher.
| 2. Business & Economy 1770s |
Emotional Cycle |
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| 2. Business & Economy 1770s |
Intellectual Cycle |
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| 2. Business & Economy 1770s |
Polyrhythms |
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| 3. Science & Technology 1770s |
Physical Cycle |
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| 3. Science & Technology 1770s |
Emotional Cycle |
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| 3. Science & Technology 1770s |
Intellectual Cycle |
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| 3. Science & Technology 1770s |
Polyrhythms |
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Physo-Intellectual Dbl. 1st Qtr. Foundation |
(1775 - 1782) |
A Systematic Study of American Plants was started by Gotthilf Henry Muhlenberg, a botanist, in 1778 with his "Botanical Tagebuch."
"Pharmacopoeia Simplicorum" by William Brown, Published in 1778, provided a guide to medicine and drugs.
The Study of Ballistics took hold when Benjamin Thompson, later know as Count Rumford, examined ballistics with an emphasis on recoil and bullet momentum.
The Sharon Medical Society was started by physicians from Connecticut, Massachusetts and New York in 1779.
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| 4. Mechanical 1770s |
Physical Cycle |
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Physical 1st Qtr. Foundation |
(1775 - 1782) |
The First Submarine and the First Torpedo were created by David Bushnell in 1776, with which he unsuccessfully attempted to sink the British ship, "The Eagle" in New York Bay off of Manhattan on September 9.
| 4. Mechanical 1770s |
Emotional Cycle |
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| 4. Mechanical 1770s |
Intellectual Cycle |
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| 4. Mechanical 1770s |
Polyrhythms |
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Physo-Intellectual Dbl. 1st Qtr. Foundation |
(1775 - 1782) |
Oliver Evans Invented a Card-Making Machine in 1777 that could complete 150 pairs of cotton or wool cards from wire per day.
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| 5. Education 1770s |
Physical Cycle |
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| 5. Education 1770s |
Emotional Cycle |
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| 5. Education 1770s |
Intellectual Cycle |
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Intellectual 1st Qtr. Foundation |
(1775 - 1785) |
The Phi Beta Kappa fraternity (national scholarship fraternity) Was Founded at the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia, on December 5, 1776, as a social fraternity of five students. It was the first social fraternity at an American college. It went on to become an honorary fraternity for students of academic distinction in 1831 (during the 2nd Qtr. of the Intellectual Cycle in typical step progression).
The Philips Exeter Academy was Founded in Massachusetts in 1778 with a broader curriculum that was design to be more practical than Latin Grammar School technique.
The William and Mary College Created Schools of Medicine, Law and Modern Languages under Thomas Jefferson in 1779. The new system allowed students to choose courses.
| 5. Education 1770s |
Polyrhythms |
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| 9. Religion & Spirituality 1770s |
Physical Cycle |
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| 6. Religion & Spirituality 1770s |
Emotional Cycle |
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Emotional 1st Qtr. Foundation |
(1775 - 1784) |
The Virginia Declaration of Rights advocated "free exercise of religion." The Movement of for religious freedom and separation of church and state advanced in Virginia, led by the Baptists and Presbyterians, and based on the work of George Mason and James Madison. A 1776 Act suspended payment of titles to the Church of England (which became effective on January 1, 1777), to establish religious freedom in the colonies and disestablish the Church of England. Final steps were taken on Jefferson's Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom by virtue of the efforts by Madison in 1785 (during the 2nd Qtr. of the Emotional Cycle in typical step progression). The furthered what Madison's 1784 declaration of "Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments." Establishment of religious freedom in the colonies and disestablishment of the Church of England also occurred in 1776 for Pennsylvania, Delaware and New Jersey in 1776, in 1777 for New York, North Carolina and Georgia (which began the processed that it completed 1789), and in 1790 for South Carolina (by then the Emotional Cycle was in its 2nd Qtr.).
The First Universalist Congregation was established at Gloucester, Massachusetts by John Murray.
| 6. Religion & Spirituality 1770s |
Intellectual Cycle |
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| 6. Religion & Spiritualitys 1770s |
Polyrhythms |
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| 7. Arts & Design 1770s |
Physical Cycle |
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| 7. Arts & Design 1770s |
Emotional Cycle |
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| 7. Arts & Design 1770s |
Intellectual Cycle |
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| 7. Arts & Design 1770s |
Polyrhythms |
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Trirhythmic 1st Qtr. Foundation |
(1775 - 1782) |
Wartime in the Arts became a dominant theme as images represented battle scenes or military figures. Such is exemplified in the paintings of John Trumbull and Charles Willson Peale.
The Evolution of the American Flag is perhaps the most significant design to come out of this time (see the flag display at the top of 1770's Overview). Origins of our flag go back to the Sons of Liberty flag, c. 1765, with its nine red and white strips signifying the nine colonies of the time and the rebellious Sons of Liberty who opposed British rule. As the colonies increased to thirteen, so did the strips. Many forerunners to our current flag developed in the 1770's, but a few from 1775 and 1776 were the most prominent. Washington's flag of 1775 consisted of a dark blue background with thirteen white stars, signifying the colonies. Betsy combined the dark blue background and stars of Washington with the Strips of the Sons of Liberty in 1776, by putting that stars in the canton (upper left corner) of the striped flag in which she arraigned the stars in circle. But is was the original arrangement of the stars of Washington's flag that appeared in the canton of the "Stars and Strips" that the Continental Congress approved as our first official flag on June 19, 1777.
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| 8. Literature & Publication 1770s |
Physical Cycle |
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Physical High (1775 - 1789)
"Travels Through the Interior of North America" by Jonathan Carver in 1778 contained information on Indian customs and the natural history of the Great Lakes and the upper Mississippi region. America was discovering the physical make up of it new region.
| 8. Literature & Publication 1770s |
Emotional Cycle |
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(1775 - 1793)
Philip Freneau Became Known as the "Poet of the American Revolution," after his biting satires against the British became very popular. These included "General George Soliloguy" in 1776 for the Caribbean and others.
Francis Hopkinson Satirized the British, in his ballad, "The Battle of the Kings" in January, 1778, as he described the British to during David Bushnell's attack on the British Fleet in Philadelphia. This poem enraged that enraged the Brits was a joy to the patriots and to became the most popular poem of its day.
| 8. Literature & Publication 1770s |
Intellectual Cycle |
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| 8. Literature 1770s |
Polyrhythms |
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The "Pennsylvania Evening Post," a 4-page paper, devoted its entire front page and part of the 2nd page to the text of Declaration of Independence in 1776.
"The Crisis" by Thomas Paine began as a series of pamphlets on December, 1776, that strengthened moral of the Continental Army with its immortal opening sentence "These are the times that try men's souls."
"The Wealth of Nations" by Adam Smith advocated that non interference of government in business would allow business to prosper. This was a departure from the state run business of monarchies.
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| 9. Entertainment 1770s |
Physical Cycle |
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| 9. Entertainment 1770s |
Emotional Cycle |
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Emotional High |
(1775 - 1793) |
Francis Hopkinson Satirized the Britsh in his ballad, "Battle of the Keys" in 1778.
| 9. Entertainment 1770s |
Intellectual Cycle |
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| 9. Entertainment 1770s |
Polyrhythms |
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Trithyhmic 1st Qtr. Foundation |
(1775 - 1782) |
America's First Composer is considered to be William Billings. He published "The Singing Master's Assistant in 1778, "Music in Miniature" in 1779, and "The Psalm-Singer's Amusement" in 1781.
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| 10. Sports 1770s |
Physical Cycle |
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Physical High |
(1775 - 1789) |
America's First Golf Course and Golf Club was the South Carolina Golf Club that established "Harleston Green" in what is now downtown Charleston in America's first Physical High.
| 10. Sports 1770s |
Emotional Cycle |
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| 10. Sports 1770s |
Intellectual Cycle |
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| 10. Sports 1770s |
Polyrhythms |
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Physo-Emotional High |
(1775 - 1789) |
Horse Racing on Long Island, New York, was for Men and Women in 1780. It included a Gentlemen's purse, Ladies' Subscription, and a race with women riders.
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The Barefoot Army, as they were known, were the many fighting men of Washington's forces that weathered the winter of Valley forge with inadequate clothing, insufficient food, and for many, even the lack of shoes. It should be mentioned here that while the style of uniform and dress for many years following the Revolution proved to a meter of change, this new nation of change was started by soldiers who died of malnutrition and exposure to the elements while fighting for what they believed. Our freedoms today, and our ability to stand independent in alliance with our mother country from whom we learned many of our values, came at a high price. The fashion of the hungry soldiers in tattered clothing of this time was devotion to liberty, and struggle for justice. Our great nation today gives testament that they wore it well.
Dress Had an Eclectic Influence from English, French and Native American designs. Men's caps, waistcoats and stocking were a carry over from European design. Women's corsets, hoop skirts and hairstyles were likewise European. Indian influence brought hunting skirts (frocks for men that came halfway down the thighs), leggings and moccasins. Clothing, like other forms of American life, would soon manifest the fluctuations of a new pulse of rhythms in the world and become uniquely American.
| 11. Fashion 1770s |
Physical Cycle |
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| 11. Fashion 1770s |
Emotional Cycle |
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Emotional High |
(1775 - 1793) |
Women's Dress was More Revealing in 1776. Women pinned their dresses as close as possible to their bodies to reveal the form of their limbs, and they pinned their petticoats close to their hips to show their slender hips and the roundness of their bosoms. As a minister of the time stated, they might as well be "puris naturalibus", which is Latin for "stark naked". Such would become the trend in one form or another with every Emotional High to follow in America.
| 11. Fashion 1770s |
Intellectual Cycle |
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| 11. Fashion 1770s |
Polyrhythms |
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A fire in 1776 destroyed most of the old parts of New York City. It was nonetheless destined to come back as it is a enclave of trirhyhmic high energies (see Georhythms).
| 12. Lifestyles 1770s |
Physical Cycle |
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| 12. Lifestyles 1770s |
Emotional Cycle |
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| 12. Lifestyles 1770s |
Intellectual Cycle |
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| 12. Lifestyles 1770s |
Polyrhythms |
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Trirhythmic 1st Qtr. Foundation |
(1775 - 1782) |
The Continental Congress Instituted a National Lottery on November 18, 1776, that ran until 1782. Tickets were sold and cash prizes awarded to winners. However, with the inflation of Continental currency against the value of specie, and distribution problems, the nation's first lottery had its last round on April 16, 1782 as profits turned to a loss, and the lottery was discontinued.
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The initial crisis of the birth of a new nation had come with the fighting at Concord and Lexington Massachusetts that began in 1775. The extended shock and cries of a new nation being born into the world reverberated in the fighting that followed throughout the American Revolutionary War. This new life was formed by American colonists who worked like cells of a great organism to create this nation. The new body of a nation also had a new heart and a new consciousness. What might be called the spirit of a people might also be viewed as a new set of Rhythms in the cosmic dance of the universe. We are, in effect, players of music so great that is takes years between beats. Yet the music goes on, the world is a stage, and we dance to a tune that is greater than ourselves. It is the American Experience.
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