These Timelines are a detailed look at the time and the influence of Cycles. Significant events of the decade are analyzed through
Twelve categories that serve as a kaleidoscopic lens through time, (see the clickable links above), as well as the position of Cycles at the time, (see the clickable folder links in the upper left corner). You can read and link up and down vertically through this Timeline, or, you can go any Category and link horizontally to the same Category in other Timelines (links are provided at the head of each Category). This cross linking is designed to provide a fast and easy way to make reading fun and interesting.
See the go to Overview here link near the top for a brief look at Cycles for this decade.
See the Matrix links above left for navigating through all Overviews and Timelines by Time, Subject, or Cycle as described in
Introduction to Part II).
Note to readers: Work from the Kala-Rhythm archives is being offered here in the Timelines for the first time. We are allowing a view into the Timelines now by posting both the finished and the unfinished pages of the Timelines as editing from our references continues. Unfinished pages (like this one) contain raw data from history sources to which we give credit in our "biblio/webography". Check back for updates to this and other pages.
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1820 Congress passes the
Missouri Compromise, whereby slavery is prohibited in the LA Territory north of
latitude 36 degrees 30 minutes. Maine is admitted to the Union as free state;
Missouri as slave state in 1821.
1820 Monroe and
Tompkins are reelected pres and VP, respectively, on the Democratic-Republican
ticket.
1820 Gov offers
land to settlers at $1.25 an acre, reduces minimum purchase to 80 acres, and
abolishes credit provisions.
1821 Spanish government
grants charter to Moses Austin for the settlement of 300 families in Texas. His
son, Stephen Fuller Austin, establishes the first legal settlement of
Anglo-Americans in Texas in 1822.
1821 Official US
occupation of Florida takes place; Andrew Jackson is made military government.
1822 Florida is
organized as a territory.
1822 Pres.
Monroe proposes US recognition of newly independent Latin Am republics. Congress
passes measure to establish diplomatic relation with them.
1824 None of the
four presidential candidates receives an electoral majority: Andrew Jackson, 99
votes; John Quincy Adams, 84 votes; William H. Crawford, 41 votes; and Henry
Clay, 37 votes. All are Democratic-Republicans, except Adams, who is a National
Republican.
1824 US signs
territorial treaty with Russia, which agrees to 54 degrees 40 minutes as the
southern limit of her territory.
1824 Congress
enacts General Survey Bill authorizing federal plans for roads which may be
needed for national and commercial purposes.
1825 House of
Reps chooses Adams (National Republican) as pres. John C. Calhoun
(Democratic-Republican) was elected VP during 1824 election.
1825 Texas
(Mexican territory) is opened to settlement by US citizens.
1825 Creek
Indians reject treaty ceding to the US government all their lands in Georgia.
1825 Congress
adopts policy of removal of eastern Indian tribes from territory west of the Miss
R. Whites settle on Indian lands; Indian frontier is established.
1826 Senate
reluctantly approves US delegates to Panama Congress, called by Latin Am
republics to plan union against Spain and Europe. One delegates dies on route;
another arrives after the Congress adjourns.
1827
Protectionists (mainly northern manufacturers) demand higher tariffs at
Harrisburg convention. Southerners oppose tariffs. Sectional differences in US
increase between the North and South.
1827 US and
Britain agree to joint occupation of the Oregon Territory.
1827 Congress
gives the President the right to call out the militia.
1828 Congress
passes the protectionist "Tariff on Abominations." Northern mercantile interests
conflict with the Southern agriculture economy dependent on foreign markets.
1828 Resolutions
by South Carolina legislature declare Tariff of Abominations oppressive and
unconstitutional. Legislatures of Georgia, Mississippi, and Virginia issue
similar protests.
1829 Jackson
introduces the spoils system into national politics-the practice of basing
appointments on party service. Jackson's unofficial political advisers are
called his "Kitchen Cabinet."
(TARIFFS)
1822: Agitation by
manufacturing interests for a protective tariff system, which had begun with
Alexander Hamilton in the late eighteenth century, continued as industry grew.
The chief proponent was Mathew Carey of Philadelphia One of the most
important
publishers and booksellers of his day, Carey was also a self-taught economist
who wrote and spoke in favor of what was beginning to be called the American
system: tariffs and interand improvements at the federal government's expense.
Carey’s “Essays on Political Economy” was published in 1822. His frequent
addresses before the Philadelphia Society for the Promotion of National Industry
reflected the rise of protectionist sentiment.
3/30-31/24 In a
debated in the Housed of Representatives, Henry Clay defends the protectionist
features of the proposed Tariff of 1824. He defines as the American system this
combination of protective tariffs and internal improvements, including the
construction of transportation routes intended to expand domestic trade and
industry, thus decreasing American dependence on foreign imports. On April 1-2
Daniel Webster will deliver a speech supporting the principle of free trade.
1/10/27 A bill is
introduced in Congress by the advocates of protectionism calling for higher
duties on imported woolen goods. The Tariff of 1824 has failed to eliminate
British competition in textiles. The bill will pass the House of
Representatives on February 10, but it will be rejected on February 28 in the
Senate when Vice-President John Calhoun casts a tie-breaking vote against the
measure.
7/30/27 In
Harrisburg, PA, a convention of some 199 delegates from 13 states meets to call
for higher tariffs. Despite the February defeat of the tariff bill in the
Senate, there is a strong popular movement promoting such protectionist policies
in order to shelter the American wool industry, as well as the producers of such
goods as hemp, flax and hammered bar iron and steel.
5/19/28 The “Tariff
of Abominations,” as it will come to be known, originally proposed on January
31, is signed into law by President Adams, thus thwarting the Machiavellian plans
of the congressional Jacksonians to discredit Adams by the bill’s defeat. After
heated debate, the coalition of Southern and Middle Atlantic state led by Martin
Van Buren and Vice-President John Calhoun voted down all attempts by New
Englanders to amend the more flagrant provisions of the bill. Nevertheless, when
the legislation came to a vote, the New Englanders surprisingly supported the
bill, as it promoted the protection of American industry. The tariff passed the
House 105 to 94, on April 23 and the Senate, 26 to 21, on May 13.
12/19/28 The Tariff
on may 19 is opposed as unconstitutional, oppressive and unjust by eight
resolutions issued by the South Carolina legislature. The resolutions are
accompanied by the essay, “South Carolina Exposition and Protest,” anonymously
written by Vice-President John C. Calhoun, who advocates state sovereignty and
the doctrine of nullification by a single state. The Georgia legislature will
protest the tariff on December 30, as will Virginia and Mississippi in February
1829.
| 1. Political 1820s |
Physical Cycle |
top |
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Physical Low |
(1817 - 1831) |
4/24/20 Congress passes
the Public Land Act, which reduces the minimum price from $2.00 to $1.25 per
acre, and reduces the size of the minimum purchase from 160 acres to 80
acres. Although the act abolishes the use of credit for western land
purchases, it is intended to enable settlers to purchase land. Yet, as with
the earlier land acts, real estate speculators are the chief beneficiaries
of this legislation.
1821 NY
abolishes property qualification for voting, following similar action by
Connecticut in 1818 and Mass. in 1821.
7/20/22 The
Tennessee state legislature nominates Andrew Jackson as its presidential
candidate for the 1824 election. This action by a state legislature marks
the end of the system of selecting presidential candidates by congressional
party caucuses. The demise of partisan politics, with the end of the
Federalist party, has made a new system of nomination necessary. This
popular method of nomination heralds the approach of Jacksonian democracy.
3/2/21 Missouri
Compromise vote, Congress agrees to admit Missouri into the union on the
condition that the state constitution will not try to limit the rights of
citizens, specifically free blacks, as guaranteed by the United States
Constitution. This compromise has been negotiated by Speaker of the House
Henry Clay. The Missouri legislature will agree to this provision on June
26.
3/2/21Congress passes the Relief Act, which permits price adjustments on
unpaid-for western land purchases.
12/2/23 In
his annual message to Congress, President Monroe presents the Monroe
Doctrine, proclaiming that the Americas will no longer be the subject of
European colonization; that the American political system differs
essentially from European governmental systems; that the Untied States would
consider dangerous the attempt of any Western Hemisphere; and that the
United states will not interfere with any existing European colonies in the
New World, or interfere in European internal affairs, or participate in
European wars of foreign interest.
3/2/24 In
the case of “Gibbons v. Ogden,” Supreme Court chief Justice John Marshall
rules that a monopoly granted by the New York state legislature for
steamboat navigation between New York and new Jersey in unconstitutional
because only the Federal Government has jurisdiction over interstate
commerce.
| |
Physical 4th Qtr. Alternatives |
(1817 - 1831) |
December 1824: The
Indiana legislature passes a fugitive slave act which allows justices of the
peace to rule on claims in fugitive slave cases, with both the claimant and
fugitive possessing the right to a jury trial. This bill will be invalidated
in 1850. [???]
12/5/25 In
Washington, the 19th Congress convenes. The Federalist party no longer
exists at the national level, and the Democratic-Republican party has split
into a pro-Adams administration and an anti-Adams administration faction. In
the House of representatives, 105 support the administration and 97 oppose
it; in the senate, 26 support the administration and 20 oppose it.
9/12/26 In
Batavia, New York, former Freemason William Morgan disappears under unusual
circumstances after having disclosed some of the order’s secrets.
Suspicions that the Freemasons have abducted and killed him lead to the
formation of the Anti-Masonic party, the earliest American third party.
| 1. Political 1820s |
Emotional Cycle |
top |
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Emotional Downward Crossover |
(March 21, 1829- March 21, 1830) |
12/29/29 Westward
Movement Connecticut Sen. Samuel A. Foot introduces a resolution calling
for temporary restrictions on western public land sales. This resolution
will later lead to the 1830 Webster-Hayne debate over states’ rights and
federal sovereignty.
| 1. Political 1820s |
Intellectual Cycle |
top |
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Intellectual 1st Qtr. Foundation |
(1819 - 1830) |
The Democratic Party was
formed.
January,
1823: Wealthy Philadelphian, diplomat, and writer Nicholas Biddle is
appointed to manage the second Bank of the United States. Under Biddle’s
expert stewardship and sound money policies, the bank will prosper until the
1836 expiration of its charter.
1826: Legal
scholarship flourished in the US as the American legal system began to
separate from British tradition and establish its own foundations and
precedents. America’s first great legal scholar was James Kent, who in 1794
became the first professor of law at Columbia and later became chief justice
of New York State courts. Kent modified English chancery practice to
conform to American institutions and virtually created equity jurisdiction
in the US. Out of his opinions and lectures came his “Commentaries on
American Law” (4 volumes, 1826 - 1830). The section on constitutional law
was Federalist in approach. The “Commentaries” were an immediate success.
Kent updated them five times since. Kent's influence on the legal
profession and the teaching lf law in the US was second only to that of John
Marshall. Kent’s classic work has been compared with that of William
Blackstone, the English jurist who wrote a similar four-volume work (1765 -
1769).
1/6/26
President Adams requests that Congress allow United States representatives
to attend, as consultants, Simon Bolivar’s Panama Congress, called in order
to promote a general Latin American confederation. After heated debate,
Congress will vote to send United States envoys only as observer. Neither of the two chosen representatives will actually attend the June 1826 Panama
Congress, as one will die on the way and the other will arrive too late.
1828
Democratic Party is formed, advocating Jeffersonian principles. Andrew
Jackson is elected first Democratic US Pres, John Calhoun is reelected VP on
the Democratic ticket.
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Intellectual Upward Crossover |
(March 21, 1819- March 21, 1820) |
December 1820: In
response to the financial panic of 1819 and the subsequent economic
depression, the Kentucky “Relief Party” is formed to press for assistance
for delinquent debtors. Henry Clay will oppose the Relief Part, and Andrew
Jackson will support it. The Clay faction will develop into the Whig party,
while Jackson’s followers will become known as the Democrats.
| 1. Political 1820s |
Polyrhythms |
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Physical
3rd Qtr. Review
with
Emotional High |
(1817 - 1829) |
2/6/20 The
ship “Mayflower of Liberia” sets sail for Sierra Leone from New York.
Traveling aboard are 86 free blacks who have decided to emigrate to the West
African British colony which has openly received freed blacks and fugitive
salves for the past 30 years.
2/17/20 The
Senate passes the Missouri Compromise measure. Illinois Senator Jesse B.
Thomas has proposed a compromise amendment to the proposal to combine the
admission of Maine as a free state, with the admission of Missouri as a
slave state, thus maintaining the balance between free and slave state in
the union. The Thomas Amendment calls for a prohibition on slavery in the
western territory of the Louisiana Purchase north of the line 60 deg. 30
min.
2/28/20 The
House of Representatives rejects the February 17 compromise measure passed
by the Senate, and will go on to pass its own slavery prohibition bill,
incorporating the restrictive amendment proposed by New York Representative
John W. Taylor on January 26, 1819.
3/3/20 The
Missouri Compromise becomes official with the proposed admission of Maine as
a free state and of Missouri as a slave state, and with the exclusion of
slavery from the Louisiana Purchase north of 30 deg. 30 min. This move has
been made possible by the Senate’s reinsertion of the Thomas Amendment for
the Taylor Amendment, and the subsequent passage of the compromise bill by
the House on March 2.
3/15/20
Maine is admitted to the union as the 23rd state, with its capital at
Portland, and with a ban on slavery. Maine has been a part of
Massachusetts, but its separation was called for by the rapid increase in
its population since the War of 1812.
7/19/20 In
the constitution drafted by the inhabitants of the Missouri Territory, free
blacks and mulattoes are barred from the future state. This discriminatory
clause will meet with opposition when the constitution is presented to
congress on November 14 for approval.
1821: The
most serious attempt to find a home outside the US for freed black slaves
was the establishment in 1821 of the colony of Liberia in western Africa.
With government and private funds, the American Colonization Society
purchased the area from local tribal chiefs. Settlement began in 1822, when
the first of about 15,000 persons arrived in Liberia. The colony had many
difficulties, and its survival in the early years was due mainly to the
efforts of Jehudi Ashmun, who was sent there by the society and who built up
the colony in spite of epidemics and native attacks. The colony was
declared independent in 1847. Immigration of American blacks ended for the
most part after the Civil War.
3/2/21 In a
second Missouri Compromise vote, Congress agrees to admit Missouri into the
union, on the condition that the state constitution will not try to limit
the rights of citizens, specifically free blacks, as guaranteed by the
United state Constitution. This compromise has been negotiated by Speaker
of the House Henry Clay. The Missouri legislature will agree to this
provision on June 26.
8/10/21
Missouri officially enters the union as the 24th state, with its capital at
Jefferson City. Its addition as a slave state brings the total of free and
slave state to 12 each. The first United States Senator from Missouri is
Thomas Hart Benton, who will occupy this position for the next 30 years.
11/10/21 The
New York state constitutional convention extends suffrage by abolishing
nearly all the property qualifications for the right to vote. Free blacks,
however, are not benefited by this legislation. The liberalized suffrage
movement is led by martin Van Buren at the head of the Albany Regency, a
radical faction of the Democratic-Republican party.
December
1821: In the case of “Hall v. Mullin,” the Maryland state supreme court
rules that a bequest of property to a slave by his master entitles the slave
to freedom by implication, since a slave cannot legally own property.
|
Physical
Low
with
Intellectual
High |
(1819 - 1931) |
3/19/24 In the case of “Osborn v. Bank of the Untied States,” Supreme Court
Chief Justice John Marshall holds that the state of Ohio cannot tax the Bank
of the United States. Ohio state auditor Ralph Osborn and other state
officials who had seized bank assets had been assessed damages and they had
appealed this earlier decision. Marshall finds that if an agent of a state
executes an unconstitutional statute, he will be personally liable for
damages resulting from his enforcement of the act. In this opinion, Marshal
denies the state the protection of the 11th Amendment in such cases.
5/22/24 Congress adopts the Tariff Act of 1824, vigorously promoted by Henry
Clay to protect American industry. This legislation raises rates on wool,
cotton and iron; and sets duties on such previously untaxed items as linen,
silk, glass and lead.
|
Emotional High
with
Intellectual
1st Qtr. Foundation |
(1819 - 1829) |
2/21/28 In
Oklahoma, Indian linguist Sequoyah and Elias Boudinot found the “Cherokee
Phoenix,” the first American newspaper to be published in an Indian
language. Sequoyah had invented an 86-symbol written version of the
Cherokee language in 1821, thus allowing thousands of Cherokees to learn to
read and write in their own tongue.
|
Emotional 2nd Qtr.
Expansion with
Intellectual
1st Qtr. Foundation |
(1820 - 1829) |
1828: Growing
discord between North and South over the tariff came to the fore this year
when , on May 19, Pres. John Quincy Adams signed into law what became known
as the Tariff of Abomination. Political maneuvering between supporters of
Pres. Adams and those of Andrew Jackson caused much bitterness. The Jacksonians had hoped to discredit Adams by making the bill so objectionable
that it would be defeated. Southerners, led by Vice Pres. John C. Calhoun,
felt the law discriminated against the agricultural South, which relied on
imports from abroad, and favored the North and West. With strong New
England support, the bill passed both houses of Congress.
1828: The
Democratic Party was formed. Essentially it was an extension of the
Democratic-Republican (Jeffersonian) Party (formed May 13, 1792), and was
backed by southern agrarians and northern urban workers. It advocated
Jeffersonian principles of personal liberty and attacked special privilege.
Andrew Jackson became the new party’s first nominee for president.
1829
Workingman's Party is formed in NE. Party advocates social reform, free
public education, new banking laws, and non-imprisonment for debt. Movement
spreads to other states in the North.
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1820 William
Underwood, Eng.-American industrialist, opens a canning factory in Boston.
1820 Henry Burden,
NY ironmaster, invents an improved plow and cultivator.
1824 Weaver's
strike at Pawtucket, R.I., is the first recorded strike by women.
1825 First
significant strike for a 10-hour day is called in Boston by 600 carpenters.
1827 First city
central trade union, the Mechanics Trade Union Association, is established in
Philadelphia.
1828 First recorded
strike of textile factory workers occurs in Paterson, NJ. the militia is called
in to control the violence. the workers strike for a 10 hour day, but the
strike fails.
| 2. Business & Economy 1820s |
Physical Cycle |
top |
|
Physical Low |
(1817 - 1831) |
1823 Pres
Monroe announces the Monroe Doctrine in his annual message to Congress.
European nations are warned not to interfere in Western Hemisphere. US
intends not to take part in European wars.
| 2. Business & Economy 1820s |
Emotional Cycle |
top |
| 2. Business & Economy 1820s |
Intellectual Cycle |
top |
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Intellectual 1st
Qtr. Foundation |
(1819 - 1830) |
The first trade
unions had effect with the formation of the Mechanics Union of Trade
Association in Philadelphia, in 1827. At the same time, banks were being
created at an unprecedented rate to contend with the additional exchange of
a riding economy.
Unforeseen
needs for provision often bring enactment to handle the expanding economy of
the first quarter. The first trade unions made their effect with the
formation of the Mechanical Union Trade Association in Philadelphia in 1827,
(which also during the rise of the physical cycle). At the same time, banks
were being created at an unprecedented rate to contend with the additional
exchange of the rising economy.
| 2. Business & Economy 1820s |
Polyrhythms |
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| 3. Science & Technology 1820s |
Physical Cycle |
top |
| 3. Science & Technology 1820s |
Emotional Cycle |
top |
| 3. Science & Technology 1820s |
Intellectual Cycle |
top |
|
Intellectual 1st Qtr.
Foundation |
(1819 - 1830) |
1820 John
Gorham, Mass. physician, publishes the 2-vol "Elements of Chemical Science"
which serves as the standard textbook for years.
1821 Zachariah
Allen, R.I. inventor, designs a hot-air heating system for homes.
1821 Hare
invents the copper-zinc battery.
1822 William
Beaumont, Conn. physician, begins his famous digestion experiments in the
exposed stomach of Alexis St. Martin, an injured soldier.
1822 Quinine
production begins in Philadelphia.
1822 First
patent for making false teeth is awarded to W. C. Graham.
1823 America's
first ophthalmology book, "A treatise on the Diseases of the Eye," is pub by
George Frick, Md. eye surgeon.
1824 Thomas
Say, "Father of Descriptive Entomology," pubs the 3-vol "American
Entomology;" or "Descriptions of the Insects of North America." (-1828).
1825 Yale
College purchases a collection of 10,000 minerals from George Gibbs, R.I.
mineralogist.
1826 America's
first reflecting telescope is built by Amasa Holcomb in Mass.
1827 Audubon
pubs "Birds of America (-1828)," a collection of 435 lifelike paintings,
many showing birds in action. Unable to interest Am printers, Audubon's
drawings are release in Europe where be is acclaimed a genius.
1827 Isaac
coffin, Brit admiral born in Boston, open America's first nautical school in
Nantucket, Mass.
1827-31 Joseph
Henry insulated wire; invented multiple coil magnet; built 1st magnetic and
acoustic telegraph [his telegraph may have been in 1831]
1828 Joseph
Henry, NY physicist, invents the electromagnet.
1829 Bigelow
coins the word "technology" and pubs "The Elements of Technology."
1829 Allen
publishes "The Science of Mechanics."
1829 William E.
Horner, Va. physician, pubs "A Treatise on Pathological Anatomy," America's
first pathology text.
| 3. Science & Technology 1820s |
Polyrhythms |
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The typographer, forerunner to
the typewriter, was patented in 1829, William A. Burt, Mass. inventor, I 1st).
During the next first quarter of the cycle the typewriter was patented in 1868.
DAT^
1820 Daniel
Treadwell, Mass. inventor, builds a horse-powered printing press.
1822 Cotton mills
begin production in Mass with water-powered machinery. By 1826, one plant in
Lowell turns out 2 mil yards of cloth a year. A female labor force is used.
1825 Thomas
Kensett, NY canner, patents tin-plated cans.
1825 Stevens builds
"Action," an experimental steam locomotive.
1826 Samuel Morey,
Conn. inventor, patents an internal combustion engine.
1826 First
railroads built are short-line systems, powered by axle systems, horses, or
sails. The Mauch Chunk Railroad in PA carries coal, and a railroad in Mass.
carries granite. The first passenger line is the Baltimore and Ohio.
1827 Isaac Adams,
N. H. printer, invents and manufactures "Adams Power Printing Presses" which are
widely used for more than 50 years.
North is now generally credited with the invention of the milling machine-the
first entirely new type of machine invented in America and the machine that, by
re- placing filing, made interchangeable parts practical. In 1795, North began
to produce scythes in a mill adjacent to his farm in Berlin, Conn. Four years
later, he obtained a contract to make pistols and began to add a factory to the
mill building. By 1813, he signed a contract to produce 20,000 pistols that
specified that parts had to be completely interchangeable between any of the
20,000---the first such contract of which any such evidence exists. The first
known milling machine was in use by 1818. At about that time, North was sent to
John H. Hall, superintendent at Harpers Ferry (Va.) Armory, to introduce his
methods of achieving interchangeability. In 1828, North received a contract to
produce 5,000 Hall rifles with parts interchangeable with those produced at
Harpers Ferry. North had a 53-year contractual relationship with the War Dept.
The report of Charles H. Fitch prepared for the 1880 Census credits North with a
key role in developing manufacture with interchangeable parts.
Eli Whitney Invented the Milling Machine for the production of muskets with
standard interchangeable parts. For this he would later be dubbed, the "Father
of Mass Production."
In 1799, as Whitney worked in New Haven, Simeon North was making 500 pistols for
the government by using machines and a division of labor just 20 miles away in
Middletown. The parts were so well made that little or no filing was needed at
time of final assembly. His son, Selah, invented a filing jig—matching concave
molds that held the piece that forced the men to follow the contours of the jig
in filling the piece to be shaped. Edwin Battison, in his article, “A New Look
at the ‘Whitney’ Milling Machine”, argues that the milling machine, which is a
power tool used for cutting and grinding metal parts, originated with Simeon
North. Interchangeability requires precision machine tools to make exact parts;
it appears that the Whitneyville milling machine was made after Whitney’s death
when his nephews modernized the factory in 1827. The inventory of Whitney’s
estate at time of death does not list a milling machine or any other tools that
were not already in use at the two government armories in that period. Still, as
the United States was entering the 19th century and its technology was being
rooted, Eli Whitney stands as a central figure involved in its growth. The role
that Whitney played in early American technology has been debated, however.
Whitney’s work in making muskets from a number of interchangeable parts once
identified him as the sole originator of the idea. But tests on a collection of
Whitney muskets indicate that all their parts were not interchangeable.
Historian Robert Woodbury, in his article “The Legend of Eli Whitney and
Interchangeable Parts” suggests that the first actual achievement of
interchangeability took place at the federal government’s arsenal at Harper’s
Ferry, Virginia in 1827.
| 4. Mechanical 1820s |
Physical Cycle |
top |
| 4. Mechanical 1820s |
Emotional Cycle |
top |
| 4. Mechanical 1820s |
Intellectual Cycle |
top |
| 4. Mechanical 1820s |
Polyrhythms |
top |
|
Intellectual 1st Qtr.
Foundation |
(1819 - 1830) |
Mechanical
pressing of glass, the first technical innovation in glassmaking since
ancient times, was introduced into American factories. The change enable
production of intricately designed glassware. Famous glassworks established
this year by Deming Jarves at Sandwich, Mass., were noted for their
large-scale production of pressed glass.
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1823 First gymnasium to offer
systematic instruction is started by the Round Hill School in Northampton, Mass.
Gymnastics is scheduled from 5 to 7 pm.
1826 Charles Follen,
and instructor at Harvard, introduces physical education into college education.
| 5. Education 1820s |
Physical Cycle |
top |
| 5. Education 1820s |
Emotional Cycle |
top |
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Emotional 2nd Qtr. Expansion |
(1820 - 1829) |
1825 A
significant force in early frontier education is the American Tract Society.
It circulates religious literature by means of circuit riders.
and the
American Home Missionary Society (1826).
The American Tract Society
Formed in Boston in 1814, in Philadelphia in 1815 and in New York in
1817. It circulated Religious Literature via circuit riders by 1817 setting
a religious literary precedent in the early frontier
| 5. Education 1820s |
Intellectual Cycle |
top |
1825 A significant
force in early frontier education is the American Tract Society. It circulates
religious literature by means of circuit riders.
and the
American Home Missionary Society (1826).
The American Tract Society
Formed in Boston in 1814, in Philadelphia in 1815 and in New York in 1817.
It circulated Religious Literature via circuit riders by 1817 setting a
religious literary precedent in the early frontier
| |
Intellectual 1st Qtr. Foundation |
(1819 - 1830) |
What When p.
230 Important improvement in education in the early nineteenth century,
especially education of women, were the result of the efforts of Emma
Willard. In 1807, when only 20, she took charge of the female Academy at
Middlebury, Bt. She opened school of her own in 1814. There she taught
subjects not otherwise available to women. An appeal to the New York State
leg. in 181 to support her plan for improving the education of women induced
Gov. De Witt Clinton to invite Mrs. Willard to move to NY. she accepted,
and opened a school at Waterford in 1819. In 1821 she moved to Troy and
established the Troy Fevale Academy. Mrs. Willard wrote textbooks and a
volume of poems (1831), which included the popular “Rocked in the Cradle of
the Deep.”
1821-27 First
high school in US established in Boston, 1821, w/broad, liberal curriculum.
Mass. act of 1827 required every town of 500 farms to established a high
school.
1821 First
public high school, English Classical School, is established in Boston.
1822 Hobart
College is established in Geneva, NY. It offers an "English Course" designed
for "the practical business of life." First course diploma, in English, is
awarded in 1827.
1824 America's first
school of science and engineering opens. It is later called Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute.
10/2/24 In
Troy, New York, the Rensselaer School of Theoretical and Practical Science
is established. The school is remarkable for its innovative curriculum of
science and engineering courses, rather than the customary fare of classical
studies.
1826-83, Josiah
Holbrook (1788-1854) instituted adult education and self-improvement courses at
Millbury, Conn., where he established the Mullbury Lyceum No. 1, branch of
the Am Lyceum, thus inaugurating the lyceum movement. The National American
Lyceum was formed at NY in 1831. By 1834 there were 3,000 town lyceums in 15
states. In 1874 Bishop John H. Vincent (1832-1920) and Lewis Miller org the
1st Chautauqua Assembly. Home reading program established by 1878. William
Rainey Harper (later pres of the University of Chicago) appointed education director, 1883;
attracted outstanding lecturers. Young Men's Christian Association set up
evening classes in the 1880's. In 1888 the NYC Board of Ed established
public lectures for working people. Other public lectures provided by Lowell
Institute ( inaugurated by Benjamin Silliman,1839; Peabody Institute,
Baltimore (1857); Cooper Union, NY (1857-59), endowed by Peter Cooper.
1826 S. F. B.
Morse founds the National Academy of Design.
1826 Mullbury
Lyceum Number 1 is established at Millbury Mass. by Josiah Holbrook. this is
the beginning of the adult self-improvement and education movement.
1827 Mass.
requires a high school in every town having more than 500 families.
1829 First
school for the blind opens in Boston.
1829
"Encyclopedia Americana" is published in Philadelphia by Francis Lieber. It
is the first Am encyclopedia.
| 5. Education 1820s |
Polyrhythms |
top |
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Emo-Intellectual
High |
(1819 - 1829) |
6/1/21The first women’s collegiate-level school in America is established
with Emma Willard’s founding of a female academy in Waterford, New York.
The Waterford Academy for Young Ladies in later move to Troy, New York,
where it will later become known as the Emma Willard School.
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Emotional
High with
Intellectual
1st Qtr. Foundation |
(1819 - 1829) |
1821 First
women's' college level school, the Troy Female Seminary, is founded by Emma
Willard in Troy, NY.
1821 The Troy
(NY) Female Seminary, the 1st women's high school in the US est. by Emma
Willard.
1824 American
Sunday School Union is established in Philadelphia to promote and coordinate
Sunday school activity in Am.
A new
institution with religious and secular functions was the Sunday school.
Originating in England, Sunday schools were first established to educate
children who worked in mines and factories. Under church sponsorship, the
schools soon came to offer religious instruction. The Methodist leader,
Francis Asbury, established the first Sunday school in the US in 1786 in
Hanover County Va. On My 25, 1824, representatives of a number of
denominations from several states founded the American Sunday School Union
to coordinate activates of these schools. Publication of “Sunday School
Magazine” began in 1824, and over the years an enormous amount of literature
was issued to serve the widespread institution.
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American religious groups,
which in colonial days had been the object of missionary efforts from Eng. and
other countries, in the early nineteenth cent beg to proselytize abroad. The Am
Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions was formed in 1810. The Baptists
established a group to support missions in 1814, the Methodists in 1819, the
Episcopalians in 1820, and the Presbyterians in 1837, although work by the
Presbyterians had begun much earlier.
Black religious
groups began to break away fr largely white Protestant denominations to form
their own churches. In 1796 black members of the Methodist Episcopal Church in
NYC formed the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, which in 1821 was org as
a national group. The African Methodist Episcopal Church was founded in 1816 by
Richard Allen, a clergyman who had been born a slave. He was pastor of a group
that broke away from the Methodist Church in Philadelphia on Apr 11 he became
the first bishop of the new denomination.
1824-50 Revivalism
in PA, NY, and Mass. led by Charles g. Finney (1792-1875), licensed to preach as
a Presbyterian. The Broadway Tabernacle was est. for him in NYC (1834). His
followers withdrew from Presbyterianism (1836) and adopted Congregationalism. In
the Middle West revivalisms was led by such itinerant preacher s Peiter
Cartwright (1785-1872) and James B. Finley (1781-1856).
| 6. Religion & Spirituality 1820s |
Physical Cycle |
top |
| 6. Religion & Spirituality 1820s |
Emotional Cycle |
top |
| |
Emotional 2nd Qtr. Expansion |
(1820 - 1829) |
1827-28 Schism between
Orthodox and Hicksite Quakers.
1828 Presbyterian schism
between Old School (orthodox Calvinists) and New School (Western liberals).
| 6. Religion & Spirituality 1820s |
Intellectual Cycle |
top |
| 6. Religion & Spirituality 1820s |
Polyrhythms |
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| 7. Arts & Design 1820s |
Physical Cycle |
top |
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Physical Low |
(1817 - 1831) |
1821:
The need for more and better roads to transport people and goods also meant
that more and better bridges were needed. Ithiel Town, an architect,
contributed to the cause by patenting in 1920 a form of truss bridge with a
diamond pattern of closely spaced diagonals. This was simple to construct
and required no special materials. In 1821 he wrote an article that
considered the problem of rigid iron bridges. It was to take 15 years
before such structures were built in the US.
| |
Physical 3rd Qtr. Review |
(1817 - 1834) |
After 1820 the early Federal style waned, and Jeffersonian
classicism was modified by the introduction of Greek and even Egyptian
detail, constituting the so-called Greek Revival. Accompanied by furnishings
and draperies in the heavier Sheraton-Empire tasted, the classic pattern
established in the 1820's became the basic style in building and decorative
design. Stimulated by the Greek struggle for national independence, it
lasted until about 1850 and constituted for the time a national style
without parallel in Europe. In its later decorative aspect, however, the
Greek Revival became a fashion rather than a style. As such it marks not
only the end of the 18th-century Neoclassicism but the beginning of the
Romantic movement.
| 7. Arts & Design 1820s |
Emotional Cycle |
top |
| |
Emotional 3rd Qtr. Review |
(1731 - 1838) |
| 7. Arts & Design 1820s |
Intellectual Cycle |
top |
| 7. Arts & Design 1820s |
Polyrhythms |
top |
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| 8. Literature & Publication 1820s |
Physical Cycle |
top |
| 8. Literature & Publication 1820s |
Emotional Cycle |
top |
| |
Emotional High |
(1811 - 1829) |
1820: A great
literary theme of the 1820s was the romantic treatment of the Indian. Works
in this vein included “Frontier Maid, or the Fall of Wyoming” (1819);
“Yamoyden” (1820) by Eastburn and Sands; “Logan, and Indian Tale” (1821) by
Samuel Webber; “The Land of Powhatten” (1821) by a Virginian; and “ontwa,
son of the Forest” (1822) by Henry Whiting.
1820: American
were beginning to take an interest in the history and culture of the
Indians. The foremost pioneer in this field was Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, a
self-taught ethnologist and geologist. This year Schoolcraft accompanied an
expedition to the upper Mississippi River and Lake Superior region, and two
years later he was appointed Indian agent for the tribes in that area. This
enabled Schoolcraft to carry on his research into Indian history and culture
and resulted in voluminous writings. These included a six-volume history
published between 1851 and 1857. Schoolcraft married the daughter of and
Ojibwa woman and a fur trader. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow used Schoocraft’s
writings as source material for his narrative poem “The Song of Hiawatha”
(1855).
1823: Charles
J. Ingersoll offered a major defense of American culture against the
criticism of British Intellectuals in an address before the American
Philosophical Society. In his “Discourse Concerning the Influence of
America on the Mind,” he accepted the challenge of British critics by
comparing American culture with European, suggesting that the average
intellect in America far surpassed the corresponding intellect in Europe.
He suggested that America’s great contribution to world civilization had bee
self-government.
1824: Of the
many accounts of Indian captivity, none was more popular than “A Narrative
of the Life of Mrs. May Jemison,” by James E Seaver, published in 1824.
Mary Jemison was captured by a French and Indian war party in western PA in
1758, when she was 15. She was married twice, one to a Delaware and one to
a Seneca, and had eight children. Becoming known as the “White Woman of the
Genesee,” Mrs. Jemison refused to leave the Senecas. In 1817 New York state
confirmed her possession of a tract of land on the Genesee R. That had first
been given to her in 1797.
| 8. Literature & Publication 1820s |
Intellectual Cycle |
top |
| |
Intellectual High |
(1819 - 1841) |
RAW: The
number of libraries in the US was about 50 [in 1800] w holdings of some
80,000 volumes. Most of these libraries required membership or payment of a
fee for access to their books. By 1825, however, the nation’s four largest
cities could claim a total of 50 libraries, including some 1,500,000
volumes. Between 1800 and 1830 about 50,000 pamphlets, books, and magazines
titles were issued in the US. Most of the books sold no more than 1000
copies, a respectable number considering the pop of the country.
| |
Intellectual 1st Qtr. Foundation |
(1819 - 1830) |
1821 James
Fenimore Cooper writes "The Spy," a Revolutionary War novel which
establishes Cooper's literary prowess.
1822 [confirm
date!] A collection of psalm tunes by Lowell Mason is pub by the Handel
Haydn Society.
1823 Cooper
pubs "The Pioneer," a brilliant portrait of frontier life and the first of
his "Leatherstocking Tales," and "The Pilot" the first of several sea
novels.
1826 Cooper
pubs "Last of the Mohicans," the second "Leatherstocking Tale."
1827 Thomas
Cole paints "Last of the Mohicans."
1827 Cooper
publishes "The Prairie," the third "Leatherstocking Tale," and "The Red
Rover," a sea novel.
1827:
Encyclopedia Americana was begun by the German refugee political
philosopher, Granic Lieger. Organized along Germanic principles of research
and scholarship, the 13-volume work began to appear in 1829. It made
significant contribution to American culture.
1828 Nathaniel
Hawthorne publishes "Fanshawe," his first novel.
1828 Noah
Webster pubs "American Dictionary of the English Language," in which many of
the Am characteristics of the English language are introduced.
4/21/28 After
more than 20 years’ labor, Noah Webster finally publishes his “American
Dictionary of the English Language.” This monumental volume contains some
70,000 definition - 12,000 more than any other English language dictionary -
and it includes numerous words derived from the other American immigrant
languages and from the various Indian languages.
1828: The
monumental “American Dictionary of the English Language” by Noah Webster was
published, a labor of more than 20 years. Webster spent much time in
England gathering material for his work and completed it while living in
Cambridge, England.
| 8. Literature & Publication 1820s |
Polyrhythms |
top |
| |
Physical 3rd Qtr. Review with
Emotional High |
(1817 - 1824) |
1821: “The Spy”
by James Fennimore Cooper, a romance of the American Revolution, was
published and quickly went through three printings in its first year.
1825: Henry
Wadsworth Longfellow, one of the first American poets destined to be read
and honored in the US and Europe, began to see his poems appear in print.
His first poem to be published was “The Battle of Lovell’s Pong,” on Nov.
17, 1820, in the Portland, Maine, “Gazette.” In 1825, the year he was
graduated from Bowdoin college, a number of Longfellow’s early poems were
published in the “Untied State Literary Gazette.” They included “Autumnal
Nightfall,” “Woods in Winter,” “The Angler’s Song,” and “Hymn of the
Moravian Nuns.” Longfellow soon left for Europe to prepare for a teaching
position at Bowdoin, to which he returned in 1829.
| |
Emo-Intellectual
High |
(1819 - 1929) |
1822: Men with
a variety of talents aided progress in literature, religion, and education
in the first quarter of the nineteenth century. One of these was Timothy
Dwight of New England, a leader of the Connecticut Wits, clergyman, and
educator. His long poem “Greenfild Hill” (1794) was an attempt to convince
Europeans that America provided suitable material for poetry. His :”Travels
in New England and New York” (four volumes, 1821 - 1822) is an indispensable
source for the life of the period. An orthodox Congregational minister,
Dwight was sometime called the “Protestant pope of New England.” He was
president of Yale from 1795 to 1817 and did much to modernize its
curriculum.
1822: “The
Pilot” by James Fenimore cooper was published and became a best seller.
Cooper’s fourth novel, and the first with a maritime setting and theme, was
a product of Cooper’s determination to outdo Sir Walter Scott in the
production of a sea novel. The unnamed hero, known only as the Pilot,
represent John Paul Jones, the foremost US Naval figure of the time. The
novel’s action takes place during the American Revolution. Cooper’s novel
was long popular.
1826: James
Fenimore Cooper’s “The Last of the Mohicans” began its phenomenal publishing
record. The most popular of Cooper’s novels, selling over 2,000,000 copies,
it was also a best seller across the Atlantic. The Leatherstocking Tales,
of which “The Last of the Mohicans” is the second novel of five, are still
popular in the US and Europe, especially France.
| |
Emotional High with
Intellectual 1st Qtr.
Foundation |
(1819 - 1829) |
1822 Paulding
satirizes the British in "A Sketch of Old England, by a New England Man."
1824: The first
written American Indian language, Cherokee, was finished by Sequoyah, the
son of a white trader and a Cherokee Indian woman. Sequoyah, who also used
the name George Guess, devised a syllabary
of 85 characters to represent the spoken sounds of the Cherokee language.
He demonstrated the alphabet’s utility in a dramatic way. He had his young
daughter transcribe speeches at a tribal council in his absence. The he
entered the council chamber and read the speeches aloud from his daughter’s
transcription. In the years following, Sequoyah taught thousands of
Cherokee Indians to read and write. He also translated pars of the Bible
into the new language, and in 1828 began publication of a weekly newspaper.
1825 Thomas
Cole establishes the Hudson River School of landscape painting.
1827 First
Negro newspaper, "Freedom's Journal," is pub in NYC, edited by John Brown
Russwurm and Samuel Cornish.
1827: The first
book of poems published by Edgar Allan Poe, “Tamerlane and Other Poems,” was
printed in Boston. Little attention was paid the slim volume. In 1829 a
second volume, “Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane and Minor Poems,” also went unnoticed.
1828 First
Indian newspaper, "Cherokee Phoenix," is published in Echota, Ga. Its editor
is Elia Budinot, a full-blooded Cherokee.
1828: Women
were beginning to enter journalism, and the most prominent woman journalist
was Sarah Josepha Hale. In 1828, in Boston she became editor of a new
Journal, “Ladies Magazine.” She moved to Philadelphia in 1837, becoming
editor of “Godey’s Lady’s Book” and holding that post for 40 years. In 1846
Mrs. Hale began using the pages of the magazine to agitate for a national
Thanksgiving Day, and by 1858 all but six states celebrated Thanksgiving on
the last Thursday in November. Mrs. Hale had great influence on fashions
and manners and regularly urged higher education for women. Her volume
“Poems for Our Children” (1830) contained “Mary Had a Little Lamb.”
1829 Edgar
Allen Poe anonymously pubs his first work "Tamerlane and Other Poems."
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1828
Thomas ("Jim Crow") Rice introduces the song "Jim Crow" between acts of a play.
It it the first international song hit of American popular music.
| 9. Entertainment 1820s |
Physical Cycle |
top |
| |
Physical 1st Qtr. Foundation |
(1831 - 1838) |
| 9. Entertainment 1820s |
Emotional Cycle |
top |
| |
Emotional High |
(1811 - 1829) |
1823: The
portrayal of blacks on the stage posed problems in a nation in which most
blacks were slaves. The first acting group of blacks, the African Company,
began giving performances in New York City in 1821. Both Shakespearean
drama and lighter plays were produced. In 1823 Edwin Forrest, who was to
become a national idol and one of the great tragedians of the century,
appeared in blackface as Ruban in a farce by Sol Smith, “Tailor in
Distress.” No white actress would black her face, so a black woman was
engaged to play opposite Forrest.
| 9. Entertainment 1820s |
Intellectual Cycle |
top |
| 9. Entertainment 1820s |
Polyrhythms |
top |
| |
Emo-Intellectual
High |
(1829 - 1839) |
1821:
Music was made more available to amateurs and students by the publication of
songbooks and by the introduction into schools of music education. A
pioneer in this field was Lowell Mason, a banker and church organist in
Savannah, Ga. In 1821 he helped compile the “Boston Handel and Haydn
Society’s Collection of Church Music.” Its success was one reason why Mason
gave up banking and turned to music, becoming the musical director of three
Boston churches. He was a founder of the Boston Academy of Music in 1832.
Mason also found time to compose 1210 hymns, including “Nearer, My God, to
Thee.”
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1820 First football
games are played in Am colleges, especially as a form of hazing at Yale and
Harvard.
1821 Public horse
racing becomes popular, and tracks are opened in Queens County, NY.
1823 First great
horse race is between the North's "American Eclipse" and "Sir Henry," the
challenger from the South, for a purse of $20,000. About 1000 spectators jam
Union Course on Long Island, NY to see "American Eclipse" take 2 out of 3 races.
1825 New York
Trotting Club builds a race course on Long Island.
1827 "American
Shooter's Manual," a handbook for sportsmen, is pub in Philadelphia.
1828 First archery
club is formed in Philadelphia Members pay an initiation fee of $5 and 50 cents
dues a month.
1829 "American Turf
Register and Sporting Magazine" is pub in Baltimore by John Skinner. It is
devoted to thoroughbred horses, racing, hunting, shooting, and the habits of
game.
| 10. Sports 1820s |
Physical Cycle |
top |
| |
Physical Low |
(1817 - 1831) |
1820s: During
this decade the first soccer-like fames appeared in American colleges. A
large round ball was kicked toward a goal. The game served as a form of
hazing, especially at Yale and Harvard. Sophomores and freshmen were
supposed to kick the ball, but sophomores generally kicked the freshmen
instead. The games were banned during the 1830s because of the lard number
of injuries sustained by students.
1822: The
primitive US form of football was prohibited at Yale College by Pres.
Timothy Dwight., who ordered any violations to be reported and violators to
be penalized by a fine not to exceed half a dollar.
| 10. Sports 1820s |
Emotional Cycle |
top |
| 10. Sports 1820s |
Intellectual Cycle |
top |
| 10. Sports 1820s |
Polyrhythms |
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1825
Phyfe begins producing furniture in the Empire style.
| 11. Fashion 1820s |
Physical Cycle |
top |
| 11. Fashion 1820s |
Emotional Cycle |
top |
| 11. Fashion 1820s |
Intellectual Cycle |
top |
| 11. Fashion 1820s |
Polyrhythms |
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pop US about 9.6 million
1820 Fourth
national census show that pop is 9.6 mil. NY is the largest city, with a pop of
approximately124,000, followed by Philadelphia (113,000), Baltimore (63,000), Boston (43,000),
and New Orleans (27,000). Pop west of the Appalachian Mountains is 2.2 million.
1821 America's
first tunnel-450 ft. long, 18 ft. high, 20 ft. wide-opens near Auburn, Pa.
1824 Auburn (NY)
Penitentiary houses prisoners in cell blocks, and they perform labor in groups.
An alternative to this system is that of Pennsylvania in which prisoners are in
solitary confinement and they work alone.
1825 The Erie Canal
is completed.
1825 New York
Governor DeWitt
Clinton opens the Erie Canal. It becomes an important commercial route
connecting the East with the Ohio valleys.
1829 First
modern hotel, the Tremont, opens in Boston. It has 170 rooms.
| 12. Lifestyles 1820s |
Physical Cycle |
top |
| |
Physical 4th Qtr. Alternatives |
(1824 - 1831) |
1/3/25 In Indiana, Scottish
mill owner Robert Owen bury the 20.000-acre former George Rapp estate in order
to establish a model community at New Harmony. This pioneering utopian
experiment will fail some two years later, after having used most of Owen’s
fortune.
1825: The first
secular Utopian society in the US was established on January 3 by Robert Owen, a
social reformer who had made a fortune as a cotton manufacturer in Great
Britain. He took over Harmony, Indiana, from the followers of George Rapp and
set up New Harmony, a community that was to have compete equality of property
and opportunity. About 1,000 settlers were attracted to the 20,000 acres of New
Harmony, including educators, scientists, and writers. However, dissension
arose and there was lack of direction among those who were supposed to
cooperate. Owen left in 1827. In 1828 the community ceased to exist as a
Utopian enterprise.
| 12. Lifestyles 1820s |
Emotional Cycle |
top |
| 12. Lifestyles 1820s |
Intellectual Cycle |
top |
|
Intellectual 1st Qtr.
Foundation |
(1819 - 1830) |
1825: Combining
entertainment with education, the lyceum movement became a familiar part of
American life. A lyceum was an organization that provided a platform for
speakers on a great variety of subjects. The first lyceum was organized in 1826
in Millbury, Mass., by Josiah Holbrook, a teacher whose Agricultural Seminary
had failed in 1825. Within two years he helped establish more than 100
lyceums. The National American Lyceum was formed in 1831, and by 1834 some
2,000 lyceums were in operation, offering information on the arts, science,
history, and public information on the arts, science, history, and public
affairs. Many so-called reformers took advantage of this platform to promote
their notion, but leading figures of the day, such as Daniel Webster and Ralph
Waldo Emerson, also were happy to appear on lyceum platforms.
| 12. Lifestyles 1820s |
Polyrhythms |
top |
| |
Physical 4th Qtr.
Alternatives with
Emotional High |
(1824 - 1829X) |
1825 Scottish-born
social reformer, Frances Wright, establishes the Nashoba community near Memphis,
Tennessee, for training Negroes to make possible their colonization outside the
US.
1825-1828 Francis
Wright, English social reformer est. Nashoba Committee, near Memphis, to train
negroes for colonization's outside US. [P/4?]
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Kala. Chart horizontal
1810s